M-OHSE

Benarkah Uang Menjadi Sarang Penyakit ? Ini Faktanya...

2009-11-26T12:17:00.000+09:00

Sebagian besar kita merasa bahwa memegang uang baik kertas ataupun logam, akan membuat tangan kita terkontaminasi oleh banyak bakteri/virus, tapi benarkah demikian ?

Sebuah studi oleh Dr Frank Vriesekoop, seorang peneliti sekaligus dosen ilmu makanan di University of Ballarat, Australia, mengungkapkan fakta dibalik cerita yang beredar di masyarakat bahwa uang dianggap sebagai salah satu sumber penyakit.

Menurut Dr.Frank, memang telah ditemukan beberapa patogen bakteri pada uang kertas dan koin, tetapi..."...Potensi penyebaran penyakit memang ada disana, tapi aku tidak berpikir seburuk itu kenyataannya" katanya. Ia juga menyatakan bahwa timnya menemukan tingkat bakteri resisten antibiotik yang rendah pada uang kertas dan koin. Hasil-hasil studinya ditampilkan di konferensi tahunan Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology di Adelaide

Para peneliti menganalisis koin dan uang kertas yang berasal dari gerai makanan kecil seperti kafe, supermarket dan toko-toko kecil seperti tukang daging dan tukang roti, dan semua tempat di mana para pemilik atau pegawainya disamping melayani makanan juga sekaligus menangani pembayaran uang, sehingga terjadi kontak langsung antara makanan dan tangan si pemegang uang.

Tim peneliti menemukan berbagai organisme dalam koin dan kertas, termasuk yang menyebabkan keracunan makanan atau diare. Ini termasuk low level Coliforms seperti bakteri Escherichia Coli, bakteri yang biasanya berhubungan dengan usus besar dan umumnya dikaitkan dengan tingkat kebersihan yang buruk; lalu Staphylococcus Aureus, bakteri organisme biasa dengan beberapa strain yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada orang-orang yang rentan, dan Bacillus Cereus, yang menyebabkan keracunan makanan jika cara memasaknya tidak sampai membunuh sporanya.

Tapi apa yang mengejutkan para peneliti merupakan bukti dari bakteri salmonella. "Memang kekhawatiran saya sedikit saja" kata Vriesekoop. Juga mengejutkan adalah jumlah bakteri yang resisten terhadap satu atau lebih obat yang sering diresepkan sebagai antibiotik, seperti amoxycillin, roxithromycin dan cefaclor. "Ini lebih tinggi daripada yang saya perkirakan," katanya.

Bagaimana Dengan Potensi Uang Sebagai Sumber Penyebaran Penyakit ?

Mengenai ini Dr. Vriesekoop berkata bahwa level of bacteria di permukaan uang umumnya rendah, tetapi tetap saja kita masih belum tahu seberapa mudah mereka ditransfer dari uang ke manusia. "Apakah mereka tumbuh atau mati? Kita tidak tahu," kata Vriesekoop. Ia menambahkan bahwa ini akan menjadi subjek penelitian di masa depan.

Dia juga berharap untuk dapat bekerja sama dengan Royal Australian Mint untuk melihat bagaimana permukaan koin yang timbul dapat mempengaruhi kelangsungan hidup bakteri.

Vriesekoop juga melakukan penelitiannya tentang tingkat bakteri pada mata uang dari Amerika Serikat, Inggris dan Irlandia. Hasilnya,diharapkan akan membantu untuk memastikan apakah uang polimer Australia lebih tidak berbakteri daripada uang kertas yang digunakan di sebagian besar dunia.

sumber : Anna Evangeli at http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories

Aspek Perilaku Dalam K3 Studi Kasus Perilaku Sopir Taksi "......"

2009-11-12T15:43:00.003+09:00

By : Indri M-OHSE

You can copy this article with full awareness to list the source link of this article including the name of writer as a honour of copyright to the writer and this blog also to upholding our morality.

Diperbolehkan mengkopi isi artikel ini dengan kesadaran penuh untuk mencantumkan link ke sumber asal artikel berikut nama penulisnya sebagai penghormatan atas hasil karya penulis dan blog ini serta demi menjunjung tinggi moralitas.

M-OHSE archives

Issues in Education and Research in Geriatrics in Developing Nations

2009-11-10T15:30:00.007+09:00

By : Indri M-OHSE

Wise Images

2009-11-09T01:02:00.003+09:00

by : NGDlover

http://momonsohse.blogspot.com/RphtxTVKMpOsEDOudOGWIw==

Wise Images

Indonesia Demographic Dividend and Ageing

2009-11-08T13:48:00.002+09:00

Post by : Indri M-OHSE

M-OHSE archives

Older Person and Person With Disabilities

2009-11-04T13:22:00.002+09:00

by : Indri M-OHSE

You can copy this article with full awareness to list the source link of this article including the name of writer as a honour of copyright to the writer and this blog also to upholding our morality.
(as seen on blog license)
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momonsohse archives

Bra Sekaligus Masker

2009-10-30T04:39:00.001+09:00

by. NGDlover

Gak sangka ya, Bra ternyata bisa dibuat menjadi multifungsi, yaitu bisa sebagai bra dan juga bisa sebagai masker. Karya unik dan inovatif ini diciptakan oleh Dr.Elena Bodnar.Penemuan ini telah memenangi penghargaan dari Universitas Harvard untuk penemuan paling eksentrik tahun ini. Penghargaan itu disebut Ig Nobel, diumumkan beberapa hari sebelum penghargaan Nobel di Stockholm yang sesungguhnya diumumkan.

Dr.Elena Bodnar memodifikasi fungsi bra yang biasanya sebagai penyangga buah dada menjadi sekaligus sebagai dua buah masker jika berada dalam dalam keadaan darurat. Bahan khusus untuk bra digunakan sebagai penyaring gas gas berbahaya dan beracun,Namun demikian, kenyamanan fungsinya sebagai bra tetap dipertahankan.

Penghargaan yang dimenangkan Dr.Elena Bodnar berada dalam kategori kesehatan publik.

BBC/Okezone

2009-10-29T11:03:00.000+09:00

If the sky is your limit, let's fly with my wings

If the sea is your port, let's sail on my boat

Together it will be easy, though alone it should keep go on

(by:NGDlover/pba)

Contoh Kuesioner (Safety & Health)

2009-10-27T03:57:00.001+09:00

By : Indri M-OHSE

NOMOR QUESTIONNAIRE :

(diisi oleh surveyor)

QUESTIONNAIRE

Partisipan Yang Terhormat,

Selamat pagi/siang/sore.

Berikut ini anda diminta untuk mengisi dan menjawab beberapa pertanyaan berkaitan dengan pekerjaan yang anda lakukan sehari-hari serta hubungannya dengan kesehatan anda. Sebelumnya kami mohon anda dapat melengkapi identitas anda (lihat bagian: Identitas Partisipan). Kami menjaga kerahasiaan informasi yang anda berikan, untuk itu kami sangat menghargai apabila anda mengisi dan menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut ini dengan jujur dan yang sebenar-benarnya.

Terima kasih atas waktu yang anda berikan serta kerjasama anda pada kegiatan ini.

Salam hangat

TEAM

PERTANYAAN

a. Selama anda bekerja di lokasi ini atau pada saat anda melakukan aktifitas pekerjaan, pernahkan anda merasakan ketidaknyaman yang disebabkan oleh hal-hal berikut sehingga menggangu aktifitas pekerjaan:

No.	PERTANYAAN	YA	TIDAK	KETERANGAN
1.1.	Debu			Jenis debu Sumber
1.2.	Gas-gas tertentu			Jenis gas-gas tertentu Sumber
1.3.	Kebisingan			Jenis kebisingan Sumber
1.4.	Vibrasi			Jenis alat

a. Berapa lama dalam satu hari melakukan pekerjaan atau berada di lokasi pekerjaan tersebut ?

1. Ya

i. <>

ii. > dari 8 jam

iii. Lainnya sebutkan

2. Tidak

b. Apakah dalam melaksanakan tugas sehari-hari anda terus menerus berada di lokasi ini

i. Ya, berapa lama :

ii. Tidak

c. Berapa lama anda bekerja di bagian ini (di perusahaan ini) ?

Sebutkan berapa lama :

d. Sebelum bekerja di perusahaan ini pernahkan anda melakukan pekerjaan yang serupa ?

i. Ya, pernah . Berapa lama sebutkan :

ii. Belum pernah

e. Selama anda bekerja di sini pernahkan anda merasakan gejala-gejala berikut :

No	Gejala/ Keluhan	Ya	Tidak	Keterangan
6.1.	Alergi kulit
6.2.	Batuk
6.3.	Keluhan pernafasan (sesak nafas)
6.4	Sakit kepala
6.5.	Suara dengung di telinga setelah selesai aktfits pekerjaan? (tinnitus)
6.6.	Gangguang komunikasi : sulit mendengar atau memahami pembicaraan rekan kerja walaupun dari jarak dekat.
6.7.	Pernahkah di bagian ini terjadi kecelakaan yang disebabkan warning tidak terdengar dengan jelas.
6.8.	Jantung berdebar-debar (Heart rate)
6.9.	Gangguan hormonal (gangguan ereksi)
6.10	Ketegangan otot (keram otot)
6.11	Kondisi Nervous (gugup, merasa deg-degan)
6.12	Gangguan tidur (Sleeplessness)
6.13	Sering mudah, cepat merasa kelelahan
6.14	Menurunnya kepekaan bagian tubuh yang kontak terhadap panas (mati rasa).
6.15	Sakit malaria

f. Selama anda bekerja di bagian ini berapa kali anda berkunjung ke klinik untuk berkonsultasi dengan dokter ?

i. jenis keluhan

ii. berapa kali dalam satu tahun terakhir

b. Selama anda bekerja di bagian ini berapa kali anda mengkonsumsi obat untuk mengatasi keluhan dalam satu tahun terakhir.

i. jenis keluhan

ii. berapa kali dalam satu tahun terakhir

c. Kapan terakhir kali anda memeriksakan kesehatan rutin (reguler medical check up )

i. <>

ii. > 6 bulan

d. Apakah anda disediakan dan menggunakan dengan alat pelindung diri (APD) dalam melakukan pekerjaan sehari-hari.

No	Jenis APD	Ya	Tidak	Keterangan
10.1	Self Contain Breathing Apparatus
10.2	Masker
10.3	Ear plug
10.4	Ear muff
10.5	Handgloves
10.6	Safety shoes
10.7	Lainnya sebutkan

Identitas Partisipan

Umur :

Pendidikan Terakhir :

Jabatan/Jenis Pekerjaan :

Lokasi kerja :

Unit Kerja/Bagian :

Camp :

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Indri M-OHSE

Contoh Kuesioner (Major Hazard Survey For Community)

2009-10-25T03:23:00.001+09:00

By : Indri M-OHSE

1.4. QUESTIONNAIRE OF MAJOR HAZARD SURVEY FOR COMMUNITY

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Apakah anda mengetahui tentang aktifitas pekerjaan penambangan yang ada di sekitar rumah anda ?

(petunjuk untuk interviewer: eksplorasi ke partisipan tentang apakah partisipan mengetahui detil tentang aktifitas penambangan tersebut)

1. Ya

2. Tidak

Penjelasan :

2. Menurut anda, apa pengaruh dari aktifitas penambangan tersebut terhadap kehidupan penduduk di sekitarnya ?

(petunjuk untuk interviewer: eksplorasi ke partisipan tentang apakah partisipan mengetahui potensi hazard, risiko terhadap keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja penduduk termasuk potensi keadaan darurat misalnya kebakaran, ledakan)

Penjelasan :

3. Apakah anda pernah mendapatkan penyuluhan oleh perusahaan mengenai hal hal yang berkaitan dengan aktifitas kegiatan penambangan ?

(petunjuk untuk interviewer: eksplorasi ke partisipan tentang apakah partisipan pernah mendapat penyuuhan tentang keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja untuk penduduk, misalnya pelatihan tentang pemadam kebakaran, evakuasi keadadan darurat, penjelasan prosedur evakuasi keadaan darurat,dll)

a. Ya pernah, sebutkan tentang apa & kapan terakhir anda mendapatkan penyuluhan

Penjelasan :

b. Tidak pernah

DAFTAR DATA PENUNJANG YANG PERLU DIKUMPULKAN

NO.	LIST OF SUPOPRTING DATA	CHECKLIST
1	Daftar Pusat-pusat Pelayanan Kesehatan Masyarakat dan aksesnya dari dan ke lokasi penambangan	Ada/Tidak Jika ada sebutkan:
2	Dokumen dan Prosedur Keadaan Darurat dan Evakuasi di masing-masing desa di sekitar rig dan camp	Ada/Tidak Jika ada sertakan dokumen tersebut.
3	Layout/mapping/description setiap desa di sekitar rig dan camp	Ada/Tidak Jika ada sertakan dokumen tersebut.
4	Disitribusi penduduk dan pemukiman di masing-masing desa di sekitar rig dan camp	Ada/Tidak Jika ada sertakan dokumen :

IDENTITAS PARTISIPAN

Nomor Kuesioner :

Umur :

Jenis Kelamin :

Pendidikan Terakhir :

Desa :

(diisi untuk partisipan pejabat desa)

Lokasi desa berdekatan dekat dengan rig/camp :

Unit Pusat Pelayanan Kesehatan :

(disi untuk partisipan pegawai/pejabat unit pusat pelayanan kesehatan)

Lokasi unit berdekatan dengan rig/camp :

You can copy this article with full awareness to list the source link of this article including the name of writer as a honour of copyright to the writer and this blog also to upholding our morality.
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Diperbolehkan mengkopi isi artikel ini dengan kesadaran dan kewarasan yang penuh untuk mencantumkan link ke sumber asal artikel berikut nama penulisnya sebagai penghormatan atas hasil karya penulis dan blog ini serta demi menjunjung tinggi moralitas.
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Indri M-OHSE archives

Tentang Rahasia Kecantikan Wanita Jepang

2009-10-23T07:24:00.001+09:00

BY : Indri M-OHSE

Setiap Negara punya rahasia dalam hal perawatan kecantikan. Tidak terkecuali Jepang, negara yang saat ini saya tumpangi untuk hidup ini. Saat saya searching di internet beberapa waktu lalu, saya terkesan dengan beberapa artikel yang banyak beredar tentang rahasia kecantikan wanita Jepang, dimana pengarang artikelnya menuliskan sumber beritanya dari Naomi Moriyama atau dari review buku tersebut.

Saya sendiri hanya membaca ulasannya saja dan menurut saya ada beberapa hal yang harus ditambahkan dari artikel2 tersebut. Dengan membandingkan pengalaman saya sendiri dan isi artikel2 ini, maka saya tertarik untuk merilis ulang review buku Naomi versi saya sendiri. Pembaca yang terhormat, silahkan dinikmati.

Rahasia dari cantiknya wanita Jepang adalah benar jika berpangkal pada gaya hidup yang disiplin dan jenis2 makanan minuman yang mereka pilih. Beberapa hal diantaranya adalah :

Nasi sedikit saja. Istilah go-han dalam nihon-go (bahasa Jepang) adalah satu mangkok nasi kecil yang jumlahnya relatif sedikit, ditambah variasi makanan lainnya.
Pengganti Nasi ? Macam2 Mie..!Mie mempunyai lebih sedikit karbohidrat penyusun lemak diibandingkan nasi. Jenis2 mie yang biasa dimakan orang Jepang adalah Udon (kesukaan keluargaku,Soba (mie warna warni dari umbi atau sayuran, Ramen (mie versi Cina yang biasanya disajikan bersama daging atau kuah babi), dan Somen (?). Semua punya ciri rasa dan tekstur yang berlainan. Disajikannya pun dengan cara yang berlainan.
Sayuran. Naomi menulis bahwa sudah menjadi kebiasaan wanita Jepang untuk makan pagi berupa sayuran. Saya sendiri di Jepang sangat suka makan salad yang 100 % sayuran. Tapi wanita Jepang sendiri suka makan sayuran yang masih mentah2 sebagaimana masyarakat Sunda.
Kacang kedele. Yang ini biasanya sudah dalam bentuk kemasan. Jarang yang masih kedele utuh diolah disini kecuali kecambah. Masakan Jepang sendiri biasanya berbumbu kedele pasta atau dressing berbahan kedele yang biasanya rasanya agaka asam2 gurih dan sangat mengundang selera.
Camilan buah-buahan. Orang Jepang tidak terlalu banyak makan buah. Ini benar tidaknya relatif, tergantung banget sama subyek yang diteliti, kebanyakan memang makan buah segar, saya sendiri punya pengalaman bahwa sirup atau essence apapun sebagai pengganti buah di pasaran atau supermarket lebih susah didapatkan disini dibandingkan di Indonesia, ini mungkin berhubungan dengan kebiasaan makan buah dalam bentuk masih segar.
Bagaimana tentang makan kue manis, biskuit, donat...? benar, orang2 Jepang tidak terlalu suka manis, tapi toko2 kue disini sama banyaknya dengan di Indonesia, kesimpulan saya, orang Jepang juga sama, sama sama suka kue seperti kita
Hidangan penutup yang dipanggang, bakar, apalagi kemasan, memang kurang disukai dibandingkan yang masih segar. Hal ini memang berlaku khususnya bagi ikan, bagi daging ? mau gak mau ya diolah dulu...mungkin kalo masalah daging orang2 dari timur tengah lebih banyak variasinya, katanya mereka bahkan terbiasa makan daging mentah/ hanya dicelup dalam air panas terus dimakan.
Kebiasaan makan ikan. Dalam hal ini, orang Jepang tak tertandingi di dunia. dan Salmon memang menjadi ikan paling laris dan secara umum digemari disini. Sushi dan sashimi adalah bentuk dari kecintaan makan ikan mentah ini. Kami sekeluarga memang menyukai makanan ini juga, harganya bervariasi dan direstoran paling murah 100 Yen untuk satu potong sushi atau sashimi.
Kebiasaan Minum Teh. Teh yang paling laku memang adalah teh hijau, disini teh hijau (ocha)lebih murah dibandingkan teh hitam (kocha). Minuman, baik teh maupun kopi yang disukai orang Jepang umumnya memang yang tanpa gula. Teh hijau sendiri memang salah satu sumber gizi yang sangat populer di Jepang. Terimakasih ditujukan kepada seorang pendeta Zen bernama Eisai yang telah membuat buku tentang Teh sehingga teh sangat populer di Jepang. Buku itu mengupas khasiat teh. Terutama teh hijau, di Jepang sangat dihargai karena bisa menjadi pelindung kesehatan dan panjang umur.
Secara umum bentuk makanan olahannya sama saja di Jepang atau di Indonesia, rasa yang berbeda kerena pemakaian bumbu2 dan kecap khas Jepang, dan sake khusus buat masak yang mengandung alkohol....!!! susah mencari makanan olahan tanpa bumbu sake disini, sehingga kami memfavoritkan Sushi dan Sashimi sebagai makanan keluarga karena belum terkena "bumbu alkohol sake Jepang"
Hidangan berbahan Rumput Laut. Rata-rata hidangan Jepang terdiri atau memiliki unsur rumput laut. Di banding makanan lain, rumput laut mengandung banyak mineral yang penting bagi tubuh. Seperti kalsium, magnesium, fosfor, besi, dan potassium.
Disiplin Tinggi. Yang sangat membedakan adalah disiplin tinggi dari kebiasaan makan wanita Jepang. Pendapatan tinggi mereka tidak membuat mereka makan dalam jumlah banyak atau makan karena gaya hidup....pola makan sehat sungguh menjadi norma2 umum yang telah mengakar, ini sungguh sangat berbeda dengan di Indonesia yang pola makannya tak jarang dipengaruhi oleh pendapatan atau gaya hidup, dan bukan berdasarkan kesehatan.
Hal lainnya, teman2 ....perawatan ? meskipun cantik kalo tidak terawat gimana bisa menampilkan kecantikan ? seandainya biasa2 saja tapi kalo perawatannya oke khan akan tampil mempesona...Wanita Jepang, paling royal kalo dandan, mode2nya sering aneh untuk ukuran wanita Indonesia. Harajuku adalah pusat mode di Jepang untuk urusan fashion dan style seluruh badan. bagi yang laki2....wah siap2 melihat aurat terbuka setiap harinya. Bahkan di toko2 seperti seven eleven atau lawson (seperti Indomaret kalo di Indonesia), gampang banget menemukan buku2 dan komik2 jorok seperti itu....
Kebiasaan Jalan Kaki. Wanita Jepang dan semua orang Jepang umumnya, sangat suka berjalan kaki. Semua hal menunjang kebiasaan ini. Mulai dari hawanya yang tidak sepanas Indonesia, trotoar yang selalu tersedia buat pejalan kaki tanpa terpotong warung, atau penjual2 lainnya. Kemana saja tujuan mereka, asal jaraknya masih bisa di tempuh dengan jalan kaki, orang Jepang tidak sungkan dan tidak malas melakukannya. Maka jangan heran jika wanita Jepang yang cantik, makin terlihat segar dengan jalan kaki. Sebab, jalan kaki menyehatkan jantung sekaligus mengencangkan kulit.

M-OHSE archives

Benefits of Alternative Seating Solutions

2009-10-22T11:27:00.001+09:00

Source Chelsea Alves
Re post by : Indri M-OHSE

When people are at work sitting at their desk for 8 hours or more a day, most would assume they are sitting in an office chair while doing so. The same notion goes for the typical person sitting at their desk at home surfing the internet or finishing up some work before an important deadline. It would not even cross ones mind to think of any other seating solution besides an office chair because that is what we are accustomed to and what almost everyone uses. What most people do not know is that there are alternative seating solutions that can be very beneficial to sit in when one is at work or at home.

Many people around the world have trouble with pain in their lower backs, which is not surprising considering the amount of time spent sitting in office chairs throughout a lifetime. Slouching and slumping at a computer desk for 8-10 hours daily is unnatural for the body and will cause wear and tear over time. When people sit for long periods of time, it puts stress on the lower back which is why a kneeling ergonomic chair was made as a way of repositioning the body into a less stressful stance. The kneeling chair was created to force the hips forward and take the pressure off of the spine to create lumbar support. They also improve posture, along with the main benefit of reducing back pain. People are often afraid to try out this chair because of the unfamiliar look and they are unwilling to give such chairs a try.

Ergonomic stools are another option for seating that functions by minimizing stress on the upper and lower back. Ergonomic stools have comfortable seats that conform to your body while still providing support and forcing you to sit in proper seating position. As a result, the stool can help increase worker productivity by ensuring that employees are distracted from pain in the lower and upper back while maintaining proper posture. By promoting proper posture, the opportunity for back and spinal problems to develop is significantly decreased.

When people spend most of their day working and are exhausted by the time they come home, it gives them little incentive to want to hit the gym and work out. Also by sitting in a chair for 8-10 hours a day there is little time to get any exercise in, which can cause people to start becoming less healthy. Switching to an [http://www.sitbetter.com/view/chair/evo-evolution-chair/posture-perfect--evolution-exercise-ball-chair/]exercise ball chair could be a great solution to both of these problems. Sitting on an exercise ball chair, your body is constantly making small adjustments with the postural muscles, abdominals, gluteals, and leg muscles. It is a form of active sitting that, like other chairs aforementioned, promotes proper posture that can not be gained from going to the gym or going on walks. When starting out using a ball, you should begin with a half hour or less and build up your use each day in other to maximize your personal comfort.

Overall, alternative seating solutions are just as effective if not more effective than sitting in a regular office chair. Posture will be greatly improved in everyday activities, worker productivity will be increased, work related back pain will be decreased, and in some cases you can even exercise while you work! While these chairs are not for everyone, it is worth a try when all the positives greatly outweigh the negatives.

Chelsea Alves is the marketing manager for Sitbetter.com, a company dedicated to finding the best chairs for you, at the best price possible, with the best customer service available. For more information on ergonomic chairs and alternative seating solutions visit http://www.sitbetter.com/

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?Benefits-of-Alternative-Seating-Solutions&id=3097125

M-OHSE archives

Wangi Dan Nuansa Bunga Dari Cafe Furu-Ru

2009-10-19T13:15:00.000+09:00

Post by :Indri M-OHSE

Kami sekeluarga baru saja mengunjungi Cafe Furu-ru (sore 18 okt 09), sebuah cafe bernuansa kebun bunga dengan semerbak wewangian bunga di pinggiran kota Cikushino, berangkat dari rumah kami di Fukuoka City, diiringi dengan hawa yang saat ini semakin dingin saja.

Saya sekeluarga pergi di ajak Iwamoto san dan okaasan nya yang, herannya kami, berumur 70 tahun tapi masih gesit dan lincah. Bayangkan, dari Cikushino menyetir sendirian melewati desa dan kota sekitar 50 km menuju tempat tinggal anaknya di kota Fukuoka...!. Saya berani taruhan, di Indonesia jarang sekali, atau mungkin bisa dihitung dengan jari di kedua tangan kita, ada nenek nenek umur 70 tahun masih menyetir mobil sendiri..! apalagi itu jarak lumayan jauh. Orang Jepang bilang, Sugooiii ! hebaat !

Lokasi cafe Furu-ru itu sendiri berada di pinggiran gunung dan kami melewati bebukitan beberapa kali sebelum sampai ke cafe, di kanan kiri tampakpemandangan gunung dan hutan. Ternyata Jepang masih banyak hutan juga ya, meskipun industrinya maju luar biasa. Kabarnya memang Jepang memang negara dengan tingkat polusi dan efek rumah kaca terkecil di negara2 maju di dunia.

Tempatnya sendiri unik, berada di tengah2 ladang bunga pribadi. Sayang sekali waktu kami kesana sedang menjelang musim dingin alias musim gugur. Tak ada bunga yang bisa dijadikan pemandangan, semuanya meranggas alias rontok. Jadi sepanjang yang kami lihat hanyalah pemandangan indah pinggiran hutan dan bukit2 saja, meski itupun untuk ukuran orang kota yang terbiasa lihat sepetak layar kaca dan lembaran buku2, sudah cukup indah dan menyejukkan mata kami.

Begitu kami masuk ke dalam rumah cafe yang terbuat dari kayu ini, nuansa bunga dan wewangiannya yang semerbak langsung menyergap mata dan hidung kami. Inilah ciri khas dari cafe ini, wangi bunga dari berbagai macam bunga yang menggantung rapi dan kering di atas atap dalam cafe. Wangi sekali seperti sedang mandi bunga saja, ....:))

Panganan ala cafe tersedia dan tercantum dalam buku menu. Untuk ukuran orang Indonesia memang agak mahal...koko de nan demo takai desu...Produk asli yang dibuat di kebun bunga ini adalah berbagai macam teh bunga, lalu berbagai macam bumbu / dressing dari ramuan bunga2an, lalu ada juga wewangian buat mandi semacam di spa, dan minyak wangi berbahan bunga yang mereka buat sendiri. Sayangnya, tidak ada tempat pemandian disini (bahasa Jepangnya tempat pemandian itu ofuro ya...? betul gak sih ?)kalo ada khan asyik juga ya..

Kedua anak saya terus saja bermain di luar cafe, mencari jangkrik dan belalang (kalo ini sepertinya bukan produk mereka deh...), sampai-sampai enggan diajak makan.

Ini dia teh yang saya pesan,tau namanya apa, lupa .....rasanya khas dan unik.

Hari mulai merayap gelap dan kami putuskan untuk pulang (merayap...?) meski cafe ini kecil tapi berkesan bagi kami, terus terang, baru sekarang kami masuk kedalam cafe yang bernuansa bunga seperti ini. Ja mata ne...

M-OHSE archives

Global Ageing

2009-10-18T09:36:00.001+09:00

Post by : Indri M-OHSE

You can copy this article with full awareness to list the source link of this article including the name of writer as a honour of copyright to the writer and this blog also to upholding our morality.
(See the license of this blog)
Diperbolehkan mengkopi isi artikel ini dengan kesadaran dan kewarasan yang penuh untuk mencantumkan link ke sumber asal artikel berikut nama penulisnya sebagai penghormatan atas hasil karya penulis dan blog ini serta demi menjunjung tinggi moralitas.
(Lihat lisensi blog ini)

M-OHSE archives

List of Occupational Health Safety Ergonomic sites

2009-10-17T20:36:00.003+09:00

Dear friends, your site invited by me to linkback as long as
1): You wellcome me as your friend, so kindly do the same to me....
2): Better if your blog have contents that relate or similar with my contens.
3): Better if your language using English, Japanese or Indonesian / Melayu (cause I just only understand these languages...: (( , I'm sorry for that ),
4): This list not reach 40 link.
5:) Another requirement ...(later)

Feel free to post my link as shown below to your site :

M-OHSE blogsite (momonsohse.blogspot.com) a blogsite of Occupational Health Safety Ergonomics by Indri & Team

And here is my friends list :

1> Blog Name : Hexpress Affiliate Program update

Blog URL : hexpressaffiliates.blogspot.com

Blog description: Welcome to Hexpress Online Clinic affiliate program blog, where you will be able to keep up-to-date with all the happenings of our program including current Commission structure, offers, promotions, creative additions, product releases and much more.

2> http://notegolddiamond.blogspot.com

This is my other blog ! Content of this site is everything useful relate to Banknote Gold Diamond.

3> http://dekrizky.com/ blog tentang belajar SEO dan Internet MarketingEmpty/not fullfilled yet ......

4> Empty/ not fullfilled yet......

:
:
:
.........
40> Empty/ not fulfilled yet

Some Anxiety Attack Symptoms

2009-10-16T10:26:00.001+09:00

Write by : Margaret_H._Amanda

The main thing that you need to know about these anxiety attacks is that they are one of the most sudden things in the world. You could be doing the most laid back, plaid thing in the world when they would suddenly come on board and you would not know what hit you. The next thing you know, you would be on the floor and be out of control of your self. Anxiety attacks are quite a common problem among people, and they will suffer either from mild attacks that one can brush off - to real big attacks that can incapacitate a person from anything like a few minutes to something that is even longer.

People that have been induced to these attacks would tell you that for the very basis of this, it is not a pleasant experience and this is the thing that you really need to know about. For one thing anxiety is one of the more common feelings that come on first, and the feeling of uncontrollable panic that comes along when the attack is about to start. This is why the common term for this is the panic attack, and more and more people are actually starting to experience this.

There may be no triggers at all to these attacks, and this can be the most sudden experiences in the world today. For one thing, to know is that when this happens, your body responds by flooding the entire bloodstream with chemicals and hormones, and the common hormone that is most abundant during this is adrenalin, and this explains why the heart starts to beat really fast and of course you start to feel really upset or even frightened at the same time. It is because of these chemical trigger that cause these mounting sensations within the body, and sometimes it can be severe to the point of being uncontrollable.

Sometimes, panic attacks are linked to another figurative condition called agoraphobia, which is one of the fears of anxiety that people commonly have. This is one of the most important things to look at when trying to find out exactly what is going on with the human body. This condition is also tied to the fear of unfamiliar and large spaces, and for this reason, people with this condition would often stay away from large malls and stadiums, where they might actually induce these kind of attacks.

So these are some of the things you might want to know about anxiety attack symptoms and how you can recognize them. While there is no real treatment to the condition, there are many breathing techniques and mental exercises that you can try to help focus the mind and submerge these panic attacks. These methods are well documented in the medical world and they are offered in conjunction with some other therapies on psychological practices all over the world. While there is no 100% method to cure anxiety attacks, there are ways to control it and have a normal life.

MindMatters Psychology Practice provides depression child treatment support services for children and young adults. They also provide an IQ Testing for children.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Margaret_H._Amanda

Chocolate Gift - A Most Delicious and Memorable Gift

2009-10-16T10:18:00.000+09:00

It is a known fact that everyone has craving for chocolate. It can be senior citizens, adults, teenagers, or children. Almost everyone loves chocolates, as it is a symbol of love. Love is very sweet and the feeling is hard to explain, thus chocolates are given to convey the message.

If someone asks how chocolate tastes, the answer is obvious. It tastes sweet. However, many other things taste sweet such as cake, but chocolate taste is very different and unique. This is the reason for its success as best symbol of love.

Chocolates are considered as best gifts not only for love, but also for every occasion. It is not only is inexpensive and quiet easily available. It has the ability of making anyone smile from adults to children.

Chocolate is the best gift for someone special, as it makes the moment special.

Chocolate gift box includes either single flavored chocolates or different flavor chocolates such as: dark chocolate, white chocolate, chocolates that contain fruits, nuts and almonds. There are also chocolates available of various flavors like caramel or raspberry.

The main reason for this product being famous is the factor of being presentable. You can wrap chocolates easily or gift them in a box. Even a simple and single piece of chocolate works wonders.

Choose your favourite chocolate bar and simply tying a ribbon to it makes the chocolate more presentable and day becomes quiet memorable. Once smile on the face of your special person will make your day! This is more than enough to explain why chocolates are special for every occasion and moment.

If this article encourages you to buy a Chocolate Gift for someone special I really recommend visiting chocolate gift basket websites on http://www.freechocolat.com they have the best quality chocolate in very decorative chocolate boxes. Make some happy with this delicious sweet.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Smit_Chacha

Keeping Your Back Healthy

2009-10-11T10:30:00.001+09:00

Post by : indri M-OHSE
By Calum Macleod

The back is the part of the body which is easy to take for granted. When it is working as it should there is no real need to consider it but when it develops painful problems it can overcloud everything else. Because the back makes up part of the core of the body it is important to keep it strong and healthy. By keeping your back healthy it will be easier to stay in shape and likewise if you are in good shape it will be easier to maintain a strong back provided you follow some simple tips.

Choose what you sleep on carefully as the type of mattress that you sleep on can have an effect on the well being and the condition of your back especially. There are two common types of mattresses. The spring loaded and the memory foam variety. Spring based mattresses are the older more traditional variety . They work by pushing against the body to provide support but the springs may lose their responsiveness after a time and could need replacing after a few years. If you have ever slept on a decade old spring mattress bed you may have experienced the way one or two of the springs seem to jump out and exert too much pressure on a part of the body. When your mattress starts doing that its time to change it.

To help your back as much as possible you need to support it. A firm mattress is recommended for bad backs as it will provide the necessary support. Where problems begin to appear is when the mattress supports some of the body differently to others. This can lead to pressure points on

knees and ligaments where it would be useful to have more of a cushioned effect. Memory foam works by molding to the shape of the body so that it provides even support throughout the body. This means that there are no points of the body which are taking more weight than others so no parts are being strained.

By allowing your backs weight to be distributed evenly across a surface there is less chance of it being put under any unnecessary stress. The right mattress can make a difference and you will be able to find more information at your local [http://www.parkbeds.co.uk]bed or mattress shop.

Calum Macleod writes for [http://www.parkbeds.co.uk]Park Beds In Glasgow

http:http://EzineArticles.com/?Keeping-Your-Back-Healthy&id=3060919

2009-10-09T14:27:00.000+09:00

Membuat Document PDF online

2009-10-08T15:55:00.002+09:00

Format PDF adalah format yang diterbitkan menggunakan software komersil yang bernama Adobe Acrobat.Tapi saat ini sudah banyak software sejenis PDF yang diterbiitkan selain oleh Adobe.

Untuk membuat PDF online salah satu caranya adalah sebagai berikut : online

Ini ada alamat PDF onlinenyaDi samping itu, saat ini banyak website di internet yang menawarkan jasa secara gratis membuat file PDF secara online. Salah satunya Doc2PDF. Dengan website ini kita bisa mengubah format file microsoft word (doc) ke format PDF.

Begini caranya:

1. Buka situs http://www.doc2pdf.net/

2. Arahkan website ke bawah samapai bertemu tulisan “Convert this document:“ lalu klik tombol Browse.

4. Browse dan open file yang ingin kita ubah.
5. Terus klik tombol Convert Document.

Jika muncul request/permintaan untuk lokasi download file, taruh saja di folder yang kita inginkan. Otherwise, biasanya kalo settingan default ya pergi ke folder C: download, dan sekarang kita sudah memiliki file PDF. Begitu caranya.....

City Identity

2009-10-07T23:05:00.002+09:00

post by : Indri MOHSE

You can copy this article with full awareness to list the source link of this article including the name of writer as a honour of copyright to the writer and this blog also to upholding our morality.
(See the license of this blog)
Diperbolehkan mengkopi isi artikel ini dengan kesadaran dan kewarasan yang penuh untuk mencantumkan link ke sumber asal artikel berikut nama penulisnya sebagai penghormatan atas hasil karya penulis dan blog ini serta demi menjunjung tinggi moralitas.
(Lihat lisensi blog ini)

MOHSE archives

Contoh Checklist Sistem Informasi Kecelakaan

2009-10-06T11:01:00.001+09:00

Post by : Indri MOHSE

Berikut ini saya berikan contoh tentang Checklist Studi Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Kecelakaan di seluruh moda transportasi, kalo ada informasi lain tambahin yaa....

Data kecelakaan di RS

1. Prosedur jika ada pasien korban kecelakaan pada semua moda transportasi
2. Apakah prosedur tersebut ada peraturan tertulis atau tidak
3. Apakah ada form yang harus diisi pada setiap tahapan dari prosedur tersebut? Ada berapa form? Setiap form berapa rangkap? (minta kopian semua form)

4. Bagaimana alur pelaporan dari korban kecelakaan pada semua moda transportasi?
5. Apakah sistem pelaporan tersebut ada peraturan tertulis atau tidak
6. Apakah ada form berbeda dalam pelaporan tersebut? Ada berapa form? Setiap form berapa rangkap? (minta kopian semua form)
7. Berapa kali dalam 1 tahun dan dalam skala waktu berapa, rekapan data korban kecelakaan pada semua moda transportasi dibuat? (minta kopian semua data kecelakaan pada semua moda transportasi dalam 3 tahun terakhir)
8. Bagaimana kaitan investigasi dari kepolisian? (jika ada minta kopian investigasi dari kepolisian)

Data kecelakaan kerja di Pusat/ Balai K3
1. Prosedur jika ada kecelakaan kerja di industri.
2. Apakah prosedur tersebut ada peraturan tertulis atau tidak
3. Apakah ada form yang harus diisi pada setiap tahapan dari prosedur tersebut? Ada berapa form? Setiap form berapa rangkap? (minta kopian semua form)
4. Bagaimana alur pelaporan dari kecelakaan kerja yang terjadi di industri?
5. Apakah sistem pelaporan tersebut ada peraturan tertulis atau tidak
6. Apakah ada form berbeda dalam pelaporan tersebut? Ada berapa form? Setiap form berapa rangkap? (minta kopian semua form)
7. Berapa kali dalam 1 tahun dan dalam skala waktu berapa, rekapan data korban kecelakaan pada semua moda transportasi dibuat? (minta kopian semua data)
8. Bagaimana investigasi yang dilakukan? Siapa yang berwenang melakukan? Bertanggung jawab ke siapa?
9. Hasil investigasi yang telah dilakukan. Dibuat berapa rangkap dan disampaikan ke siapa saja? Disimpan untuk berapa lama? (minta kopian semua hasil investigasi kecelakaan kerja dalam 3 tahun terakhir)

You can copy this article with full awareness to list the source link of this article including the name of writer as a honour of copyright to the writer and this blog also to upholding our morality.
(See the license of this blog)
Diperbolehkan mengkopi isi artikel ini dengan kesadaran dan kewarasan yang penuh untuk mencantumkan link ke sumber asal artikel berikut nama penulisnya sebagai penghormatan atas hasil karya penulis dan blog ini serta demi menjunjung tinggi moralitas.
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MOHSE archives

Membuat Widget Penerjemah

2009-10-03T08:52:00.000+09:00

Untuk menggaet pengunjung dari negara lain, dengan blog berbahasa Indonesia seperti ini tentu saja kita membutuhkan translator. Ini ada widget yang support bahasa Indonesia. mau pasang ? caranya begini...

1. Login ke Blogger. cari menu "Layout" atau "Tata Letak"
2. Klik kanan pada "Add Gadget" atau "tambah gadget=".
3. Lalu pilih HTML/Javascript"
4. Masukkan script berikut ini kedalamnya.

5. Kemudian simpan. dan lihat blogmu sekarang...

Terakhir silahkan di test. Selamat mencoba.....

Health Inequalities Impact Assessment Checklist : Guidance Notes

2009-09-28T23:31:00.001+09:00

You can copy paste this article with full awareness to list the source link of this article including the name of writer as a honour of copyright to the writer and this blog also to upholding our morality.
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Diperbolehkan mengkopi isi artikel ini dengan kesadaran dan kewarasan yang penuh untuk mencantumkan link ke sumber asal artikel berikut nama penulisnya sebagai penghormatan atas hasil karya penulis dan blog ini serta demi menjunjung tinggi moralitas.
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Research Proposal

2009-09-28T23:27:00.002+09:00

Post By : Indri M-OHSE

M-OHSE archives

Ergonomics Risk Assessment Proposal

2009-09-27T23:23:00.003+09:00

Post by : Indri M-OHSE

You can copy this article with full awareness to list the source link of this article including the name of writer as a honour of copyright to the writer and this blog also to upholding our morality.
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Diperbolehkan mengkopi isi artikel ini dengan kesadaran dan kewarasan yang penuh untuk mencantumkan link ke sumber asal artikel berikut nama penulisnya sebagai penghormatan atas hasil karya penulis dan blog ini serta demi menjunjung tinggi moralitas.
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M-OHSE archives

Contoh Kuesioner Gejala

2009-09-27T23:15:00.002+09:00

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The comparison of mental workload and physical workload between cellular manufacturing system and conveyor line system.

2009-09-27T23:10:00.002+09:00

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Metlit Antopometri

2009-09-27T22:05:00.002+09:00

Post by : Indri M-OHSE

You can copy this article with full awareness to list the source link of this article including the name of writer as a honour of copyright to the writer and this blog also to upholding our morality.
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Diperbolehkan mengkopi isi artikel ini dengan kesadaran dan kewarasan yang penuh untuk mencantumkan link ke sumber asal artikel berikut nama penulisnya sebagai penghormatan atas hasil karya penulis dan blog ini serta demi menjunjung tinggi moralitas.
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M-OHSE Archives

Gado Gado Nih....

2009-09-27T14:42:00.000+09:00

Label ini berisi berbagai macam tulisan ringan dan lepas serta pandangan hidup ku dan beberapa macam cerita lainnya, OK deh....

Alur Pelaporan PAK

2009-09-26T22:28:00.000+09:00

Ergonomics Method

2009-09-26T22:00:00.000+09:00

post by : Indri M-OHSE

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M-OHSE archives

Tips Ergonomi Pengguna Komputer

2009-09-25T22:40:00.000+09:00

post by : Indri M-OHSE

M-OHSE archives

Antara Accident dan Incident

2009-09-25T22:17:00.000+09:00

by : Chandra Satrya

MOHSE archives

Penulisan Proposal Skripsi

2009-09-25T21:09:00.000+09:00

Teori Aplikasi Green

2009-09-23T12:42:00.000+09:00

by : Indri MOHSE

Sejauh ini sudah banyak model yang dikembangkan untuk meneliti faktor – faktor apa saja yang berperan dalam perilaku sesorang (Donabedian & Rosenfeld, 1972;Bices & White, 1969, Mac Kinlay & Babchuck, 18972; Andersen, 1968; Shortell, 1980; Aday, 1989). Dari sekian banyak model, Green, Andersen, Alun, & Aday menggunakan model dasar yang sama yaitu adanya komponen predisposing, komponen enabling dan komponen reinfocing (komponen need pada model Andersen). Adapun mdel ini disebut juga model penentu siklus kehidupan (life cycle determinants model or behavioral model). Di dalam model ini keputusan seseorang untuk bertindak atau melakukan sesuatu bergantung kepada tiga faktor yakni : predisposing, enabling, reinforcing.

Sepertinya halnya penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Nicole Dedobbeleer and Pearl German dalam melihat praktek – praktek keselamatan kerja (safety practices) pada pekerja di bidang konstruksi di Amerika tahun 1987 dengan menggunakan model pendekatan diagnostic (diagnostic approach) dari Green, dimana sang peneliti membuat hipotesis kerja bahwa perilaku keselamatan pekerja tergantung dari faktor predisposing, enabling dan faktor reinforcing (Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1987). Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa perilaku serta performance pekerja dalam kaitannya dengan keselamatan berhubungan erat atau sangat dipengaruhi oleh sikap dan umur pekerja (faktor predisposing). Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan anatra pelatihan tentang keselamatan (safety training) dan safety meeting (factor enabling) dengan perilaku keselamatan pekerja.

Selain digunakan pada pelatihan pada industri konstruksi di atas, Model Green ini juga sudah digunakan di kalangan praktisi kesehatan maupun non kesehatan untuk menganalisa perilaku suatu populasi. Antara lain dalam rangka mengetahui perilaku pencarian pelayanan kesehatan oleh masyarakat di suatu desa, atau juga dalam menguji/mengevaluasi suatu program kesehatan.

Lebih lanjut didapatkan dari diagnosis perilaku (behavioral diagnosis) yang dilakukan oleh Green masalah kesehatan disebabkan oleh adanya faktor perilaku dan faktor non perilaku, yang ternyata setelah dilakukan pendekatan diagnosis pendidikan terhadap faktor – faktor perilaku tadi, serta dilakukannya penelitian secara terus – menerus (cumulative research on health behaviour) perilaku kesehatan diidentifikasi dipengaruhi oleh adanya tiga faktor, yakni faktor predisposing, faktor enabling, dan faktor reinforcing. Sampai saat ini kerangka kerja Green lebih dikenal dengan adanya ketiga faktor di atas (Green, 1980).

Aplikasi kerangka kerja tersebut idealnya pada penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut:

• Faktor Predisposisi (Predisposing Factors), yaitu faktor – faktor yang berasal dari diri manusia itu sendiri meliputi antara lain pengetahuan, sikap & persepsi). Dalam hal ini variabelnya meliputi Pengetahuan pengguna tentang bahaya perlintasan kereta, hal-hal yang dilakukan saat melintasi perlintasan kereta, jenis rambu/tanda di perlintasan, regulasi tentang perlintasan kereta api, siapa saja yang harus mentaati peraturan perkeretaapian, Sikap jika melewati perlintasan apakah sudah aman/belum, mematuhi/tidak regulasi tentang perlintasan serta Persepsi tentang: bahaya saat melintasi perlintasan KA
• Faktor Pendukung/Pemungkin (Enabling Factors), yaitu ketersediaan dan keterjangkauan suatu fasilitas oleh manusia itu sendiri, terwujud dalam keberadaan fasilitas, kemudahan untuk pengguna perlintasan saat melewati perlintasan dengan selamat. Variabel-variabelnya dalam studi ini adalah Ketersediaan alat penunjang: palang pintu perlintasan, sinyal/alarm, rambu, jalur, SDM: petugas palang pintu, Kondisi lingkungan: keadaan jalan, adanya PKL
• Faktor Pendorong (Reinforcing Factors) dalam hal ini berkaitan law enforcement dari pemerintah seperti Regulasi & Kebijakan

Secara analitik peneliti menggunakan rasionalisasi Green sebagai proses deduksi penelitian dengan berbagai pertimbangan sebagai berikut :

• Alasan pertama, sebagai “outcome” adalah perilaku seseorang yang diukur dengan perilaku memenuhi syarat atau baik. Green menerangkan dalam modelnya bahwa sebagai outcome adalah perilaku spesifik yang diharapkan yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor predisposing, enabling dan reinforcing.
• Alsan kedua, secara empiris menggunakan model Green dalam keselamatan kerja telah dilakukan oleh peneliti lain, dan terbukti mampu menjelaskan fenomena perilaku individu dalam hal keselamatan mereka bekerja (Journal of Occupational Medicine, 1987).
• Alasan ketiga, model ini mampu mengidentifikasi faktor – faktor yang berpengaruh dalam perilaku keselamatan (safety behaviours)
• Alasan keempat, hasil dari penelitian ini dapat di follow-up segera, karena secara spesifik variabel – variabel yang akan diintervensi dapat teridentifikasi secara jelas dan tepat, antara lain variabel pengetahuan pengguna perlintasan KA tentang Keselamatan Pengguna Perlintasan KA, variabel sosio – demografi pengguna perlintasan KA serta tersedianya informasi dari provider.
• Alasan kelima, ternyata model ini sangat operasional di lapangan dalam artian dapat diaplikasikan pada beragam populasi (pelajar, pasien, ibu rumah tangga, konsumen, tenaga kerja, dan ibu hamil), serta sangat sistematik dalam hal perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi-nya (dari penelitian – penelitian yang sudah dilakukan sebelumnya).
• Alasan keenam, orientasi dari model ini ditekankan pada dampak yang dihasilkan pada suatu perilaku, sehingga dengan mudah dapat diidentifikasi variabel – variabel apa saja yang harus diintervensi untuk perubahan perilaku tersebut.

Mengingat bahwa faktor perilaku sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor predisposing, enabling dan reinforcing, maka secara matematis model analisis Green adalah sebagai berikut:

Dimana: B = Behaviour
PF = Predisposing Factors
EF = Enabling Factors
RF = Reinforcing Factors

Berbicara tentang pengetahuan, pengetahuan pengguna perlintasan KA dalam menggunakan perlintasan KA yang baik dan aman mutlak dimiliki penggunanya mengingat bahaya yang bisa ditimbulkan, untuk itu pengguna perlintasan KA perlu tahu bahaya – bahaya yang dapat terjadi ketika melintasi lintasan KA. Hal ini sesuai dengan apa yang dikemukakan oleh Levine, bahwa pengetahuan dapat timbul sebagai akibat rasa takut akan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi.

Pengetahuan merupakan domain yang sangat penting untuk terbentuknya tindakan/perilaku seseorang (Notoatmodjo, 1990). Cara mengukur pengetahuan seseorang menurut Bloom dan Skinner belum tergambar secara langsung karena adanya secara langsung karena hanya merupakan reaksi dari stimulus dapat berupa pertanyaan baik lisan maupun tulisan. Pertanyaan yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur pengetahuan secara umum dikelompokkan menjadi dua jenis yaitu pertanyaan subyektif dan pertanyaan obyektif (Gronlund, 1968). Menurut Grounlund, dari kedua jenis pertanyaan, hanya pertanyaan obyektif (pilihan berganda) yang lebih disukai karena pertanyaan ini dapat dinilai secara pasti oleh responden dan dapat disesuaikan dengan pengetahuan yang akan diukur serta lebih mudah untuk dinilai.

Menurut Notoatmodjo 1990, yang dimaksud dengan pengetahuan adalah hasil tahu yang terjadi setelah orang melakukan penginderaan terhadap suatu obyek tertentu. Adapun pengetahuan dapat diperoleh melalui pendidikan formal seperti SD, SMP, SMA, maupun Perguruan Tinggi, termasuk di dalamnya juga intra kulikuler dan ekstra kulikuler. Disamping itu, pengetahuan dapat juga didapat dari orang lain lewat panca indra-nya, langsung maupun tidak langsung melalui alat-alat media cetak maupun elektronik lainnya.

Penjelasan oleh Sprinthal 1981 (seperti yang dikutip dari pendapat Skinner) bila seseorang dapat menjawab pertanyaan – pertanyaan mengenai suatu bidang tertentu dengan lancar dan jelas baik secara tertulis ataupun lisan, maka dapat dikatakan orang tersebut mengerti bidang tersebut. Jawaban – jawaban yang diberikan orang tersebut disebut pengetahuan (knowledge). Pengetahuan adalah pemberian bukti oleh orang tertentu melalui proses pengingatan atau pengenalan (recalling atau recognition) suatu informasi, ide ataupun fenomena yang pernah diperoleh (Bloom, 1975)

Faktor sosio – demografi, seperti jenis kelamin, status perkawinan, pendidikan, umur dan banyaknya tanggungan serta masa kerja suatu individu ternyata berkaitan dengan perilaku individu yang dikaitkan dengan produktivitas, walaupun penelitian mendalam perlu dilakukan (Robbins, 1996). Ada suatu keyakinan yang meluas bahwa perilaku seseorang seperti keterampilan, kecepatan, kecekatan, kekuatan dan koordinasi seorang individu menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya umur (Robbins, 1996).

MOHSE archives

Case Study "Kansas City"

2009-09-23T11:52:00.000+09:00

About Work Related Disorders

2009-09-19T06:38:00.000+09:00

By : Pebea
http://www.notegolddiamond.blogspot.com

Work-related disorders are multifactorial. Known risk factors included personal attributes, working posture, repetitive movements, and workstation design. One study showed that somatic and depressive symptoms were associated with lateral epicondylitis and wrist tendinitis. Furthermore, the presence of depressive symptoms predicted the first occurrence of lateral epicondylitis.

Subjects who expressed widespread somatic symptoms also reported more pain attributed to their jobs. Pain experienced by individuals could be the feature of a somatisation process. Psychological symptoms were often characteristic of patients with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Studies have shown that mental stress could induce muscle tension and could contribute to the development of work-related upper extremity disorders. High job demands appeared to confer the strongest work-related psychosocial risk.

One way to reduce work related disorders is Somatic Therapy. Somatic Therapy can help:
• anxiety
• depression
• relationship issues
• chronic fatigue
• residual effects of accidents
• post traumatic stress disorder
• and much more

It quoted from San Diego Therapist. This is body-mind therapy, where the primary focus is on your body, and on your relationship to how your mind and emotions show up in your body, and how you can affect your body through thought, feelings, actions, etc. Body therapy brings in an awareness of how the physical body can affect the emotions and the mind, and vice versa. The affects of the physical on our experience of life is only just beginning to be understood in the world, and body therapy is at the cutting edge with the new breakthroughs in healing that it offers.

Problems of Safety on Indonesian Rail System: Comparison and Lesson from Japan

2009-09-17T15:32:00.001+09:00

Indri Hapsari Susilowati
API Fellow 2004 - 2005

Abstract

The rate of train accidents in Indonesia is fairly high. 85% accidents were caused by human error. Human error can occur when the train driver is doing his job. One of the causes is the ergonomic factor. More ergonomics of the driver cabs will reduce the rate of accident during the work. Unsafe condition is still the main reason in railway accident in Indonesia, therefore preventive action is still focused on improvement of equipments and facilities. Meanwhile, in Japan Railways that problem has been left for 25 years.

There are some protective devices which not develop in Indonesia Railway. Nowadays, Japanese scientists are researching about unsafe act done by driver and eliminating the risk comes from unpredictable condition. They make a good selection system to choose the driver and has a minimum standard of requirement for both physically and mentally to become a train driver.

I. INTRODUCTIONS

Train is one of the main alternative public transportations in Indonesia that will easy people to travel from one place to another in Java. They tend to choose this transportation for it is safer, more relax, faster, and the price of the ticket is still affordable.

Various services and new products provided by PT Kereta Api Indonesia (PT KAI) nowadays have increased a positive image among the people, which is necessary to be maintained and improved. One way to implement this purpose is to give more attention to a safe journey. Commuters’ safety and comfort should be put on the top priority.

Similar with other transportation traffics, accidents sometimes occur as well on the railway. However, the number of train accidents is fewer although the amount of the victims is greater. Furthermore, the damage caused by a train accident costs a lot more expensive than accident happens on the street, for instance. Besides that, one train accident usually causes a delay of the train schedule. Of course, this condition is disadvantages to its commuters. These reasons could be the answers why train accidents always get a national attention and apprehension.

The rate of train accidents in Indonesia is fairly high. In 1996 106 accidents happened, 196 cases in 1999 (Suara Merdeka, December 27 2001), while in January – August 2001 there were 7 dreadful accidents, which took 109 people injured and 65 died. During 2002, there were 217 accident, but accident between train and another train decreased 6 accidents (Kompas, December 20, 2002). 85% accidents were caused by human error, the caused of railway condition is 7%, the condition of train is 5%, and the environmental or bad climate is 3% (Suara Merdeka, December 27, 2001). Human error can occur when the train driver is doing his job. One of the causes is the ergonomic factor. More ergonomics the room of the driver cabs will reduce the rate of accident during the work.

Therefore, the research to analyze further about the main cause of human error particularly that usually happens to train driver still rarely in Indonesia. The research will take The Japanese Railway as the bench marking. This country is chosen for its excellent railway system. In addition, the measure of citizen anthropometrics in Japan is similar with Indonesia.

II. SET OF PROBLEMS
To maintain the positive image as a chosen public transportation, PT KAI should enhance its services, precise the train schedule, and guarantee a safe and comfortable condition for the commuters.
It is important for PT KAI to give serious attention on ergonomics aspect, mainly on driver workstation, in order to enhance their services. This is because the condition of the train during the way is under the responsibility of the train driver. Therefore, a comfortable and safe work environment is very significant for these workers.

III. OBJECTIVES
 Getting safety risk on driver workstation of The Indonesia Railway.
 Getting information about safety implementation on The Japanese Railway
 Getting information about the comparison between The Indonesia Railway and The Japanese Railway

IV. METHODOLOGIES
Sample
Indonesian Trains that will be taken as samples are all classes inter province trains altogether with the train engineers.

Tools
Camera, video camera, carpenter meter, arc, check list, lux meter, WBGT, sound level meter, questioner, and check list.
Method
1. Worksite Analysis
Worksite analysis will be carried out by performing direct survey based on walk through checklist. Train engineers will be given questioners to recognize symptoms or signs they suffer during working.
2. Measurement
Measurement will be accomplished by measuring noise, temperature, illumination, seat design, position, shape, and colors of control and display in the train engineer cabin. Working postures and repetitive motion will also be measured to the train engineers.
3. Collecting Secondary Data
Secondary data that will be collected are medical records, outputs of the previous measurement, and other supported data.

V. THE RESULTS
The Indonesia Railway
1. The workers
In Indonesia Railway divided into 3 classes, there are economic class, business class, and executive class. Train type of economic class and business class operate by 2 persons, 1 person is the driver, and another one is the assistant of driver. Meanwhile, the executive class operates by both of the drivers. In Depo Jatinegara where I took the data, the total number of the drivers is 70 persons and the assistant driver is 50 persons. To become drivers of train, the candidates should follow education and training for drivers of train in Yogyakarta City for 3,5 months. Then, they are required to study in their Depo for a year. After graduate, they can not be drivers directly but have to be assistant driver’s first minimum for a year.

Figure 1: The percentages of complains among the workers
Every time the drivers of train begin to work, each of them will have medical check by a medical doctor to assure their condition is ready to work. From the questioner, the drivers were older than the assistant. They were in their productive age i.e. 27 – 52 years old and had been working for 3 years until more than 10 years. Most of the workers complained about stiffness, pain and rigid on their legs; especially on the calf; neck, and low back.

Figure 2: the part of body which suffer among the workers

The symptoms primary appeared after working, and when woke up in the morning. However, they considered it was all light since the symptoms usually disappeared after they got rest. Some respondents overcame the symptoms by drinking medicinal herbs and taking traditional massage. These sighs usually occurred because of sitting postures and push the pedal for a long time.
The workers suggested the management to fix the condition of driver cabs for more safe, comfort, and secure. To illustrate, the condition of windows, wipers, and doors were broken, its can not work appropriately. The seat also not in good condition, the width was too narrow.
2. Working Postures

Picture 1: Condition of the driver’s cab
The workers were doing the jobs on the sitting position. The results of observation by OWAS Method, which back was straight and bent forward, arms was both arms are below shoulder level, legs was sitting, and no load. Generally the work posture included in action category 1: no corrective measures and category 2: corrective measures in the near future. Otherwise, the driver cab was a narrow of room. It could make limitation of movement among the workers. Sometime, the workers twisted their waist and raised their one of hand. If it was happened, the work posture is bad posture and included in action category 3: corrective measure as soon as possible.

3. Environmental
The measurement of environmental factors in the driver cabs, consisting temperature, illumination, noise, and vibration. Except vibration, the other parameters were primary data which collecting by direct measurement. The driver cabs in Indonesia Railway divided into 2 types. There are locomotive CC 201 for economic class and locomotive CC 203 for executive and business class.

Picture 1: Locomotive CC 201

Picture 2: Locomotive CC 203
- Temperature
The data of temperature at locomotive CC 201 was 28, 1 – 28,9o C, with the average was 28,7 o C. While, the data at locomotive CC 203 was 27, 0 – 30,2 o C, with the average was 28,6 o C.
Reference standard used is NIOSH, where working temperature suggested is 260 C. However, the Indonesian Government Regulation concerning about working environment as stated in Decree of Minister of Health of The Indonesian Republic No: 261/MENKES/SK/11/1998 about Requirements of Working Environment Health, states that the temperature for a health industrial environment is 21 – 300 C. If the results gained are compared with NIOSH, both locomotive CC 201 and CC 203 exceed 1 – 40C higher from the suggested standard. On the contrary, if the results are compared with Indonesian Regulation, they are still below the standard. This is because Indonesia is a tropical country in which the average of the global temperature is + 300C in the afternoon. When measurement was taken during operation, the workers didn’t seem to be bothered by the temperature as the temperature in the working site was almost similar with the global temperature. In other words, the workers were used to it.
- Illumination
The Decree of Minister of Health of The Indonesian Republic No: 261/MENKES/SK/11/1998 about Requirements of Working Environment Health states that lighting for continuous jobs is 200 lux.
The measurement conducted in the morning until afternoon, where can get the sun shine directly. Because of that, all the results of measurement is over than 200 lux, approximately 700 – 1900 lux. But if the measurement conducted in the night, the results will be decrease.
- Noise
Table1. The Results of noise measurement at the driver cabs
Condition Locomotive CC 201 Locomotive CC 203
The speed of 60 km 80,6 dBA 74,3 dBA
The speed of 90 km 83,9 dBA 83,1 dBA
The speed of 120 km - 88,1 dBA
Bell 99 dBA 94,2 dBA
Whistle 109 dBA 89,2 dBA
Passing through another train 86 dBA 87,5 dBA
Take brake 88 dBA 84,9 dBA
Stop 66 dBA 69,4 dBA
Passing through the cross 89 dBA 86,1 dBA
Passing through the bridge or the tunnel 92,1 dBA 91,9 dBA

Based on The Decree of Minister of Public Health of The Indonesian Republic No: 261/MENKES/SK/11/1998 about Requirements of Working Environment Health, noise standard for 8-hours-working in industrial environment is 85 dBA
The results that were over than the reference when rang the bell, a whistle, pass through the cross, the bridge, and the tunnel. Locomotive CC 201 never run in the speed of 120 km/h, but when it takes the brake, there was noisier than locomotive CC 203. The above condition happened on the short time and not continuously, so that the workers still can tolerate. Instead of, when the locomotive CC 203 run in the speed of 120 km/h, the noise was 88,1 dBA. This condition should be anticipated because it could happen in the long time. There was needed noise absorber because it could impact the hearing loss among the workers.
- Vibration
There is no direct measurement but there is secondary data of the results measurement in 2003. It was the measurement of vibration on hand arms, collected to 6 workers. The result was lower than the reference of Kepmenaker no. 51.MEN/1999.

The Japanese Railway
Cases of accident in Japanese Railway
In Japan there were accident cases too but since 1990 there were only 4 cases. The first, it happened on 14 May 1991, between Kibukawa and Shigaraki near Kyoto, collision on Shigaraki Kogen Railway (SKR) and JR West special train from Osaka. On that day, Shigaraki was crowded with people visiting “The World Ceramic Festival”. At 10:14, a four car DMU train was about to start from Shigaraki for Kibukawa but the duty stationmaster could not turn the departure signal to be green. The control panel showed another train approaching train, but he could not understand the situation, because he knew there was no approaching train. The next arrival was a JR West special train from Osaka but it should still have been at Kibukawa Station. He consulted SKR’s operation manager and a signaling engineer, but they could not turn the signal into green either. Finally, the operations manager decided to left the train go by non – blocking operation and got into the cab with an extra driver to act as pilot. The SKR train left Shigaraki 11 minutes late with the signal still showing red in defiance of the duty stationmaster’s opinion.
The JR West special train from Osaka left Kibukawa Station at 10:18. The two train were scheduled to pass at Onodani, the intermediate signal station. When the JR West train arrived at Onodani at 10:30, the SKR train was not there and the departure signal showed green, allowing the JR West train to proceed. The JR West driver passed Onodani, believing that the SKR train was still at Shigaraki or some reason. As he rounded a sharp curve, he found the SKR train coming head on. The two trains collided at 10:35, 42 people died and more than 600 people were injured (Suga, 2002).
The second, it happened on 8 March 2000, when a southbound Hibiya Line eight – car EMU owned by Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA, a Tokyo metro operator) was approaching Naka Meguro Station at 12 to 13 km/h, the two axles of the front bogie of the last car suddenly derailed. A trackside lead rail installed for setting off track maintenance vehicles caused the derailed 8th car to slew further right, hitting the 5th and 6th cars of a northbound eight car EMU (owned by Tobu Railway). That accident caused 5 passengers died and 63 others injured. The derailment of the southbound train occurred at a difficult location on a transition curve after a sharp curve with a radius of 160 m and a steeply rising grade at 35 per mill. The track gauge is 1067 mm and there was no anti derailment guardrail (Suga, 2002).
The third, it happened on October, 23, 2004, in Niigata Prefecture, Joetsu Shinkansen Line, 8 of its cars went off the tracks because of earthquakes. It was the first bullet train to derail in the Shinkansen’s 40 years history since its operations. There were no one injured. The Shinkansen’s main anti-quake measure is called UrEDA (Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alert System. With seismometers planted every 20 kilometers along Shinkansen lines, the high-tech devices immediately detect the fast – reaching weaker primary wave (P – wave) of an earthquake and shut off the train’s power in less than 3 seconds. The idea is that the Shinkansen will stop or be traveling at a safer, slower speed when the stronger secondary wave (S – wave) arrives and the ground begins to violently shake. But quake experts had warned that the system would be ineffective for temblors occurring close to the Earth’s surface, it will be explained more on the below, the protective device’s section. The Joetsu Shinkansen system detected the P – wave and cut off power. But the S – wave arrived at almost the same time because the focus, or underground center of the quake, was so shallow and the train was near the epicenter (The Asahi Shimbun, November 11, 2004)
The last accident happened in Amagasaki, Hyogo prefecture on April, 25, 2005. There were 107 people died and more than 500 people injured. While the impact of the accident on the company’s earning, JR West, is uncertain. It has lost 1.4 billion to 1.6 billion yen due to a two month suspension of services on the line, Senior Managing Director of JR West said. The speeding commuter train jumped the tracks around a major curve and smashed into an apartment building during the morning rush hour (Kyodo News, June 23, 2005). Analysis of a monitoring device in the fifth carriage has proven that the train was traveling at about 62 mph as it entered the curve even though the speed limit was 43 mph. Several seconds later, the driver slammed on the brakes. If brakes are applied when a train is traveling on a curve, it generates a centrifuge force toward the outside of the curve and sharply increases friction between the flanges of the wheels on the outside and the rails, which could cause the wheels to float up (Science daily, June 30, 2005).

Japan National Railway
Japan National Railway had restructuring on 1987. Japan National Railway had privatization and divided into 6 Japan Railways (JR’s). There are JR East, JR Central, JR West, JR Hokkaido, JR Shikoku, and JR Kyushu. There are other companies under Japan National Railway, such as Railway Communications Company, Railway Information System Company, and Railway Technical Research Institute.
Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI) establish in December 1986. RTRI is the corporation which inherited the testing and research work of the Japan National Railways in 1987. Prior to that, one of its identities was the Railway Labor Science Research Institute (11963 – 1987). It is heir to accident research conducted there, but at the present, there are also the Safety Psychology Laboratory and the Ergonomics Laboratory, employing approximately 20 staffs (Ugajin, 1999).
I was conducting this research on RTRI because all the research regarding Japan Railway from RTRI. Related with my interesting about human error, there is Human Science Division in RTRI divided into 3 laboratories; Ergonomics laboratory, Psychology and Physiology Laboratory, and Safety Analysis Laboratory. Related with my research, the fact is Japan National railway had developed driver cabin to be ergonomics and comfort already done in 1970 – 1980 by Railway Labor Science Institute. Recently driver cabin already computerized. Its means Indonesia Railway was late 25 years from Japanese Railway.

Recent Researches of Human Science on Railway Systems
The recent researches of human science division on railway system at RTRI, there are 2 goals; to improve safety and to improve comfort. The main topic in Ergonomic laboratory is how to develop the facilities for disability person and elderly people. The research in Physiology Laboratory is endurance of work for driver related safety for analysis tolerance of fatigue. While, the research in the Psychology Laboratory is how to issue driver license test related with special attitude test, IQ test, and psychological test.
Prevention accidents caused by human errors
The most important challenge in the study of human science aiming at improvement of the safety level of railway systems is to prevent accidents caused by human error, especially those caused by the errors of railway employees, such as train drivers.
Maintenance and improvement of reliability of individuals and groups
The first area of study to prevent accidents caused by human error is that of human related studies concerning:
• Selection and deployment of persons who are less prone to errors
One practical achievement of railway related research into human science is the operation aptitude test (Psychological aptitude test) implemented for the staff engaged in train operation, such as train drivers, which is required by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.
The Psychological aptitude test consists of 4 tests: Uchida – Kraepelin Performance Test, Intelligence Tests, Choice Reaction Test, and Attention Distribution Test. The Uchida-Kraepelin Performance Test has content about job performance. The Intelligence Test has content about reasoning ability. The Choice reaction test has content about reaction speed and accuracy. The last, attention distribution test has content about attention span.
• Training staffs who have the ability and attitude needed to avoid errors
The rapid aging of the society and the fall in the size of the younger population will make it necessary to positively use elderly and female employees. Number of older employees will increase in the future, focused on physical fitness as a required factor for drivers and other workers who worked irregular hours so that they could maintain a high safety level.
The Index of Physical fitness (IPC) proposed as one of strong indexes for control of health and physical conditions for accident prevention. The decline of arousal level from midnight to early morning of high score IPC subjects was smaller than low score IPC subjects (Satou et al., 2002). The targets of that training are to identify the requirements and minimum level of physical and mental abilities, health and physical conditions needed for the safe performance of tasks. It is essential to determine how to assess a person’s ability to continue work and what to do in terms of work conditions and environment.
• Maintenance and administration of staffs
Human Science conducted an opinion poll among railway employees to identify their safety awareness. Individual perceptions of safety are affected by the organization socio-psychological aspects, such as the attitude and policy toward safety and communication methods within the organization.
They also developed a method of assessing the safety awareness level of an organization as objectively and quantitatively as possible, by using the approach for hierarchical decision-making process (AHP)
Assessment and improvement of work environment
The second key to the prevention of human error induced accidents is the studies for assessing and improving the actual work environment and conditions that contribute to error reduction. Lately, numbers of studies have been done to assess and improve the work environment where train speeds are higher, traffic is denser and one man operation is introduced. It was found that one man drivers suffer from substantial mental stress in the event of problems or accidents and that this effect persists.
As indexes to show the adequacy of work conditions and environment, Human Science develops tools to estimate the workload. There are physiological indexes such as heart beat and the flickering and psychological indexes using recognizes symptoms test. One of the results on such studies, they have developed a prototype “driver’s workload questionnaire”, that consisting of six sets of criteria to easily and accurately measure and judge the effect of long working hours within the actual situations.
Accident analysis and safety management
Human science division collected data with the use of human error-induced accident investigation card, which consisted of a checklist of 65 items. Using this data, they built a human error induced accident database, which useful both for the interpretation of individual accidents and for statistic analysis. They are planning to develop a system that performs rapid and detailed cause analysis of an accident and suggests proper measures to be taken.
Measures to prevent accidents at crossing
Although number of accident at crossing is decreasing, preventive measures for this kind of accident is one of the most critical challenges in the field of human science because of the still quite high accident count, as well as the seriousness of the result. Recent work includes the designing of a new model of crossing signs with improved visibility and examination and proposal of visibility measuring methodology that can be applied easily to crossing.
Measures to minimize causalities in the event of an accident
Human Science Division was conducting research not only focus to the workers but also to the passengers. To minimize causalities in the event of an accident, Human Science have been accumulating data by listening to passengers who had experience an accident, performing experiments on the behavior of standing humans at the time of a low – speed collision, and collision tests using dummies with a newly develop collision experiments devices. Using this data, they have revised the simulation system that usually used in the automobile industry.
This system has been used to predict the movement and injuries of passengers under several simple conditions, such as standing, sitting on a cross seat, or sitting on a long seat. They are trying to identify the points at which the safety level of cabin equipment could be upgraded, or to measures quantitatively the effectiveness of safety posture.
The accident of long seat type commuter train and clarified the feature of passenger injuries at accidents that the chest injuries are outstanding with seated passengers (48%) and injuries on the head are with standing passengers (20%). 64% of the injuries taking place to seated passengers are caused by the hand rails and 80% of those to standing passengers are by the floor, columns, and other passengers (Omino, 2003).
Improvement of riding comfort and railway facilities
The main areas of recent research into the improvement of railway riding comfort focus on in cabin comfort such as jolts or vibration reduction. On the other hand, with the imminent graying of the society, research into making railway facilities and equipment safe and easy to use for the elderly and the handicapped is starting a new.
Due to the increased speed of trains, attention must be paid to the comfort level, as well as to the safety level. They decided three research targets for the immediate future. There are: (1) quantitatively measuring the effect of multiple vibration characteristics, (2) establishing a method for assessing the comfort level so that it can be used to determine the optimal pendulum control pattern of pendulum trains, and (3) establishing a method for assessing the comfort level, which considers the time frequency of exposure to vibration.
Trains have been regarded as one of the modes of transportation that are least likely to cause motion sickness. However, after the introduction of tilting cars for speed up trains on conventional lines, motion sickness has become more common. They conducted research wit the purpose is to identify the stimuli causing motion sickness, create a create guideline for assessment using physical measurements and reflect them in the control methods.
In a broader sense, the on board comfort level is determined not only vibration in the car but also by the seats, noise, or visual factor such as design and lighting. The latter refers to the uncomfortable phenomenon in which passengers experience ear pain when a train goes to the tunnel. Trains on shinkansen lines are airtight and air conditioned so that there is no pressure change in the cabin, but in trains on conventional lines, more passengers are experiencing this phenomenon with the increased speed.
Beside that, Human Science tries to improve of railway facilities for the elderly and the disabled person. They develop a warning block for visual disabled persons and a guidance system for the sight-impaired passenger. ( Shinomiya, 2002)

Signal Aspect and Signal Legibility
It was same as in Indonesia Railway. The signal should be visible, at least could be recognized from the distance of 600 m and fitness from the train driver. In Indonesia Railway, the signal only consisting 3 colors, there are red, yellow, and green. While in Japanese Railway, the signal consisting at least 5 colors, there are:
Table 2. The signaling aspect in Japanese Railway
Name Aspect Directed speed
Proceed signal
Reduced speed signal
Caution signal
Restricted speed signal
Stop signal Green (G)
Yellow and Green (YG)
Yellow (Y)
Two Yellow (YY)
Red (R) 130 km/h
75 km/h
45 km/h
25 km/h
0 km/h

The maximal speed for local train is 130 km/h because there are still many crossing. The distance between one of signal to the next signal is 600 m. Its mean all of train will start to pull the brake at 600 m before stop. The new aspect is the signal aspect with two green lights (speed-up signal or GG) and located on the higher level side of proceed signal. This is a clear signal to allow the train which can be operated at 130 km/h or higher to proceed at the allowable maximum speed. In this case, the G signal functions as a restricted proceed signal to allow the train to proceed at 130 km/h or less (Shiroto, 1999).

Protective Device
In Japan Railway, there are some protective devices which not develop in Indonesia Railway. There are:
• Block System
• Train Control Systems
• Train Traffic Control Systems
• Wireless Communications Devices
• Earthquake detection and alarm system (UREDAS)
An automatic block system uses the track circuit to automatically detect train in blocks and to control the signals for each block. Block is from one signal to another signal. All double tracked sections in Japan use this system. In addition to the automatic block system, a number of other block systems are used on single tracks. A track circuit system or an electronic block system is used; both are semi automatic block system. The track circuit system controls train movement in the blocks between stations and involves interlocking signal levers at the two station that a train traveling between it. The train’s departure and arrival are detected by the track circuits at the station entrance and exit. In the electronic block system, each train has a radio communications device that transmits the train’s ID.
As an effective countermeasure against collisions, most of modern railway systems employ a static block system, in which signals prevent more than one train from entering any particular section of track. The new satellite train control system adopts a moving block approach which allows much closer distances between trains without compromising safety. Data regarding the position, speed, and other details of moving trains are transmitted by satellite to an earth station, which then distributes relevant data via the satellite to each train (Haga, 1992).
The driver must always obey the signal, but the possibility of human error can cause serious accidents. Two rail accident with serious loss of life in the early 1960 resulted in the installation of the so-called Automatic Train Stop (ATS) system throughout Japan. In the ATS system, an alarm sounds in the cab when the train approaches a stop signal, warning the driver to stop. If he fails to apply the brakes, the ATS stops the train automatically. The ATS system uses ground coils installed on the track some distance before signals. If a train passes a coil when the signal aspect is stop, an alarm is sent immediately to the driver, regardless of the train speed. If the driver does not stop within 5 seconds after alarm is received, the emergency brakes are applied automatically to stops the train.
Automatic Train Control (ATC) system was developed for high speed trains like the shinkansen, which travel so fast that the driver has almost no time to acknowledge trackside signal. ATC system applies the brakes automatically when the train speed exceeds the speed limit and will be released as soon as the train slows below the speed limit. However, ATC system has three disadvantages:
1. The headway cannot reduced due to the idle running time between releasing the brakes at one speed limit and applying the brakes at the next slower speed limit
2. The brakes are applied when the train achieves maximum speed, meaning reduced ride comfort
3. If the operator wants to run faster train on the line, all the related relevant wayside and on board equipment must be changed first
The digital ATC system uses the track circuits to detect the presence of a train in the section and then transmits digital data from wayside equipment to the train on the track circuit numbers, the number of clear sections (track circuits) to the next train ahead, and the platform that the train will arrive. The digital ATC system has a number of advantages:
1. Use of one-step brake control permits high density operations because there is no idle running time due to operation delay between brake releases at the intermediate speed limit stage
2. Trains can run at the optimum speed with no need to start early deceleration because braking pattern can be created for any type of rolling stock based on data from wayside equipment indicating the distance to the next train a head. This makes mixed operation of express, local, and freight trains on the same track possible at the optimum speed
3. There is no need to change the wayside ATC equipment when running faster train in the future
Computer and Radio Aided Train (CARAT) is being developed to reduce the equipment amount and permit on-board detection of train locations without using track circuits. This system will control train traffic by transmitting information between the ground and trains. CARAT will also be able to obtain accurate information on train locations, and transmission of information from the trains to the wayside equipment will make it possible to create moving blocks.
Advanced Train Administration and Communications System (ATACS) uses radio telecommunications, to verify that the system is safe for track maintenance personnel.
Train Traffic Control requires full and continuous knowledge of the train operations. In a conventional traffic control system, station use telephone communications to establish a route, but this process is too slow and inefficient for modern rail traffic volumes. Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) provides the traffic control centre with information on the situation of all track sections and permits the centre to control train routes directly. The heart of the centre is a number of centralized display and control panels, connected to stations and train by various types of equipments: radio equipment, command telephones, train schedule recorders, train number display unit, etc. This already computerized using Programmed Route Control (PRC) system.
The Shinkansen Computer aided Traffic Control System (COMTRAC) has a number of advanced function, including route control, traffic coordination, rolling stock management, and passenger information service. JR East improved the COMTRAC system in 1998 when it opened the Hokuriku Shinkansen. This system is called Computerized Safety Maintenance and Operation Systems for Shinkansen (COSMOS) and integrates existing COMTRAC function with traffic planning, traffic administration, maintenance equipment control, and rolling stock control.
The Autonomous decentralized Transport Operation System (ATOS), a new and very powerful traffic control system is being implemented for the Tokyo region to control 17 track section, 390 stations, and 6200 daily train operations. The system first entered service in 1996 on JR East’s Chuo Line. ATOS and COSMOS are very similar; ATOS began first, but efforts were focused on COSMOS as the shinkansen control system.
Before the introduction of train radio, a crew member would have to use a trackside railway telephone to call the control centre if an accident occurred outside a station. Today, the train crew can communicate immediately with the control centre using the train radio. There are narrow-gauge train radio communications and Shinkansen radio communications. Railways use duplex, semi-duplex, and simplex radio telecommunications for non-shinkansen line. Duplex is used on section with heavy traffic, semi duplex is used on high-priority sections with less dense traffic, and simplex is used on other track sections. Shinkansen radio communications supported by leaky coaxial (LCX) cables were laid first along the full length of both the Tohoku Shinkansen and Joetsu Shinkansen to transmit data and messages to and from command and track telephones, and on-board public telephone. The supported LCX cable is run along the noise control barrier beside the track, with suitable size slots cut into the cable to allow the signal to leak out. ( Takashige, 2005)
The RTRI has developed an urgent earthquake detection and alarm system (UREDAS) mainly for Shinkansen and put it into practical use. It was new method to predict seismic source parameters. This method operated based on the P-wave by utilizing the latest knowledge in seismology and other scientific field. UREDAS also can estimate the magnitude and the distance to the epicenter from the maximum amplitude and the amplitude increasing rate of the initial P-wave. RTRI has developed a seismograph for the new system by applying the new method to detect seismic source parameters. A built-in PC, makes the seismograph compact, light weight and enable parallel processing with remote operation in a real time. This makes it possible to use the seismograph at observations point in wayside substations. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has a plan to measure the seismic waves near the epicenter at 180 observation points across the country and distributed the information on the epicenter, magnitude, main shock arrival time and predicted seismic intensity, which is called now-cast earthquake information, before the main shock arrives. The now-cast information will be distributed when the P-wave has arrived at the observation point nearest the epicenter and repeatedly thereafter at certain time intervals. (Ashiya, 2002)

Magnetically-Levitated transport system (Maglev, linear motor cars)
The superconducting magnetically-levitated transport system (Maglev, linear motor cars) has come into the limelight as a next generation high speed and low noise transport system. Based on the results of research and development on the Miyazaki Maglev Test Track, the system is now subject to vehicle running tests on the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line. The system has been evaluated as “technologically feasible” by the committee for the evaluation of practical technologies of Maglev, Ministry of Transport, and is now in long term durability performance verification tests.
The results of Yamanashi Maglev Test Line are:
– Dec, 1997: Recorded the world’s highest unmanned running speed (550km/h)
– April, 1999: Recorded the world’s highest manned running speed (552 km/h)
– Dec, 2003: New Word Record speed of 581 km/h for a manned train
– Implemented tests of two trains passing each other at a relative speed of 1.003 km/h, each train composed of 3 cars.

VI. THE DISCUSSION
The comparison between the Indonesia Railway and the Japanese Railway
Based on the theory, there are 3 factors that cause an accident: unsafe condition, unsafe act, and unpredictable cause (as example disaster, earthquake, flood, etc). The biggest proportion comes from unsafe act (85%), after that unsafe condition (13%), and then unpredictable cause. The prevention program has hierarchy of controls, there are engineering control, administrative control, and personal control.
The engineering control is a control that is applied to the problem resource, for examples are enclosure, substitution, etc. Administrative control is a control that is applied when controlling in engineering is insufficient. It would be to manage time and to make farther distance between the worker and the source of hazard. Personal control is the last control when the previous control has been ineffective. This control usually gives Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), training, or education to increase the awareness of occupational health and safety among the workers.
Some basics differentiation between Indonesia Railway and Japanese Railway are:
• Unsafe condition is still the main reason in railways accident in Indonesia, therefore preventive action is still focused on improvement of equipments and facilities. Meanwhile, Japan Railway is no longer facing unsafe condition problem. The problem has been left for 25 years. Many research and technology development have been done to solve these problems in Japan. Nowadays, Japanese scientists are researching about unsafe act done by driver and eliminating the risk comes from unpredictable condition.
• Another differentiation is that all Japanese Railway have double track while Indonesia Railway don’t have completely.
• Japanese Railways purvey their train with protective safety devices while Indonesia Railway don’t.
• Japanese Railways have electric train with engine in every car while Indonesia Railway still are using diesel locomotive, especially for inter city. Electric train is only used in the inside city area with the engine only available on the front car.
For what we have learned from Japanese Railway, certainly there are some good inputs for Indonesia Railway. If we want to make a bench marking with Japanese Railway as a whole, it is still impossible because we still have a lot of things left behind from the Japanese Railway. One of them is Indonesian government policy. Indonesian government policy doesn’t treat railway as a public transportation. On the contrary, Indonesian government prefers to build highway but the quantity and the quality of cars that operated are not controlled. Besides that, consumptive behavior of Indonesian people increases the number of cars on the street year by year. Poorly, this situation is getting worse by no restriction for old car to operate.
However, there are some results that we could take as a reasonable implementation in the near future. First, facility improvement for the driver cabs. Many equipments and tools do not work properly. Second is the improvement of the signal facility. There are some signals that don’t function anymore, especially the yellow signal. Considering of high number of accidents, protective devices need to be applied in Indonesia Railway. The kind of protective devices, which could be applied immediately, are ATS and ATC on each block. Furthermore, it is important to develop Centralized Traffic Control (CTC).
CTS provide the traffic control centre with information on the situation of all track sections and permit the centre to control train routes directly. The heart of the centre is a number of centralized display and control panels, connected to stations and train by various types of equipments: radio equipment, command telephones, train schedule recorders, train number display unit, etc. This equipment is use for immediate communication between train and station to get or give information about train condition and passed track.
It is also important to develop an organization which can research center about train and its whole area, just like RTRI in Japan. RTRI in Japanese Railway becomes truly effective since many things could be done and invented to reach high performance in safety among Japanese Railway.
Previously, the organization of Indonesian Railway is under The Directorate General of Land Transportation. But since July 2005, Ministry of Transportation has developed The Directorate General of Train which consists of 3 directorates: Directorate of Traffic, Directorate Technique of Facilities, and Directorate of Safety. Unfortunately, the job descriptions for each directorate are not presented. There are still under development.
The management system in The Japan Railway is so strictly. For example, if the drivers delayed even only 1minutes or miss the sign for the door of cars, there is punishment or penalties such as: scores, cut of salary, or have to follow training again.
There was a case that took placed few months ago, a family with 4 years son and a little baby; the father is a train driver. One day, the wife and the children planned to go by train, unpredictly the train was driving by the father of the family. So that, the 4 years son pursuing to come into the driver’s cab, the mother has warning the son but she cannot hold it out anymore when the son hit the door frequently and cry hard enough. Even though the rules cannot allow this, the father give up and give permission to his son to come into his cabin and accompanying him for just around 3 minutes until the next station open the cabin’s door.. Poorly, train management know that the father broke the rule, so the father was punished by fired him from the job with the reason of allowing somebody-even the child-to go inside the driver’s cab. The management stated this would have to danger not only for the child but also for the whole passengers.
The rules state that nobody allowed going inside the driver’s cab except the driver and the co-driver. The driver’s cab is a narrow room, if there is any body else except the driver, it could disturb the concentration of the driver and the movements of the driver. To driving the train is not difficult, sometime could make the driver getting bored as the monotonous operating procedures, but the driver still need and strive for full concentrate driving.
In my opinion, system safety management has to be applied strictly. Due to the safety is first priority without compromised, no break time at all. In order to the Japan Railway applied the safety management system strongly.
However, the Japan Railway has to revise the application of safety management also about the understanding of the worker for the safety management. If the workers know deeply about the importance of the safety, so they will agree with the application of safety management system tightly. Do not let the worker think that the safety system just give them another responsibility, or just another rule that can be broken. We have to keep the psychology of the worker not pressured by the system in order to avoid fault and accident.
As for Indonesian Railway, the situation wills upside down if comparing with The Japan Railway. There is not safety management system applicable. Safety only means replacement of the broke supplies and maintenance. The case likes train that come late or somebody come inside the driver’s cab is considered proper situation and there is no action to improve it.
Actually, there is a rule to not allowing somebody except driver go inside the driver’s cab, but the drivers break it for a tips and extra money from the passenger who inside to their cabin. The Indonesian Railway has to complete safety management system regarding to considering urgent as the frequently accidents. They should improve the basic and applied rule in order to make good safety for the whole passengers and workers and make it the first priority right now.
Besides that, The Indonesia Railway should increase the incentive and wellbeing among the drivers. This is a major issue in Indonesia Railway. The driver will work with high motivation if they feel secure not only about the condition in driver cabs but also about their income.
Even though, Japanese Railway has been facilitated by high standard of safety, this doesn’t mean zero accident could happen. The awareness of drivers has been weakened by high standard of protective devices. They think if they do something wrong, the protective devices will take control. That’s the reason, nowadays Japanese Railway make a good selection system to choose the driver and has a minimum standard of requirement for both physically and mentally to become a train driver. It is also needed to build a system that could analyze both conditions physical and mental of the drivers, in order to keep their readiness and concentration.
In addition, The Japanese Railway has to control and maintain the protective devices, signal, and other facilities, since applying sophisticated protective devices will not use properly if there is lack of maintenance. The good and routine maintenance are the key to secure the function of every protective device and other facilities.

VII. CONCLUSION
1. Safety risk on driver workstation of The Indonesian Railway is about unsafe condition. Some of equipments and tools do not work properly.
2. The Japanese Railway had developed driver cabin to be safe, ergonomics and comfort already done in 1970 – 1980. Recently, the researches focus on endurance of work for driver related safety for analysis tolerance of fatigue and how to develop the facilities for disability person and elderly people. They also make a good selection system to choose the driver and has a minimum standard of requirement for both physically and mentally to become a train driver.
3. The Indonesian Railway has been left for 25 years by The Japanese Railway, especially related with the ergonomics improvement in the driver cabs.
4. The new directorate general which responsible of train is looking forward to capturing good implementation of The Indonesian Railway.
5. The safety management system in The Japan Railway is so strictly. The other hand, The Indonesian Railway has not safety management system.

VIII. REFERENCES Momons OHSE
1. Di Martino, V., Corlett, N., et al, 1998, Work Organization and ergonomics, International Labour Office, Geneva.
2. Pheasant, S., 1986, Body space: anthropometry, ergonomics and design, Taylor and Francis, London and Philadelphia.
3. Bridger, R.S, 1995, Introduction to ergonomics International Edition, McGraw – Hill. Inc, Singapore.
4. Pulat, Mustafa, B, 1992, Fundamental of Industrial Ergonomics, Prentice Hall International Series in Industrial and System Engineering, Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
5. Ashiya Kimitoshi, 2002, Development of a New Early Earthquake Detection and Alarm System, Quarterly Report of RTRI, 43(2):50 – 52.
6. Shinomiya Akira, 2002, Recent Researches of Human Science on Railway Systems, Quarterly Report of RTRI, 43(2): 54 – 57.
7. Suzuki Takeharu, 1992, Human Factor in High Speed Railway, Quarterly Report of RTRI, 33(1): 57 – 62.
8. Haga Shigeru, 1992, Graphic Information Presentation for Train Driving on a Moving Block System, Quarterly Report of RTRI, 33(2): 124 – 128.
9. Ugajin Hiroshi, 1999, Human Factors Approach to Railway Safety, Quarterly Report of RTRI, 40(1): 5 – 8.
10. Ugajin Hiroshi, 1999, Two Greens: A New Signal Aspect for High-Speed Train on Wayside Signaling, Quarterly Report of RTRI, 40(1): 13 – 17.
11. Takashige Tetsuo, 2005, Railway Technology Today 8: Signaling Systems for Safe Railway Transport, Japan Railway & Transport Review, 21: 44 – 50.
12. Suga T, 2002, Derailment ad Collision at Naka Meguro on Hibiya Subway Line, Tokyo on 8 March 2000, Japan Railway & Transport Review, 33: 27.
13. Suga T, 2002, Editor’s Desk: Collicion on Shigaraki Kogen Railway on 14 May 1991, Japan Railway & Transport Review, 33, 26.
14. Satou K., et. Al, 2002, Effect of Physical Fitness on Work Performance, Quaterly Report of RTRI, 43, 67 – 71.
15. Omino Koji, 2003, Human Engineeing to Reduce Damage on Passangers at train Collision, Railway Technology Avalanche, 2, 15.
16. The Asahi Shimbun, November 11, 2004, Shattered Belief: Biting the bullet.
17. Science Daily, June 30, 2005, Experts analyze Japan train derailment
18. Kyodo News, June 23, 2005, JR West Cmes under Heavy Fire from Shareholders over derailment.
19. Kompas, December 20, 2002, Kecelakaan Kereta Api Meningkat Cukup Signifikan.
20. Suara Merdeka, December 27, 2001, Kecelakaan demi Kecelakaan Kereta Api: Semua Hanya Bisa mengurut Dada.
21. Surat Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan No. 261/MENKES/SK/II/1998, Tentang: Persyaratan Kesehatan Lingkungan Kerja.

MOHSE archives

Contoh Proposal Ergonomi Siswa SD

2009-09-17T14:19:00.000+09:00

oleh : Indri & Team
Latar Belakang

Sesuai dengan salah satu tujuan pembentukan Negara Indonesia yang tercantum dalam Pembukaan UUD 1945, yaitu mencerdasakan kehidupan bangsa, maka pemerintah Indonesia menyelenggarakan pendidikan mulai dari tingkat dasar sampai perguruan tinggi. Pemerintah juga menyelenggarakan program wajib belajar selama 9 tahun. Semua itu dilakukan agar rakyat Indonesia menjadi manusia yang berkualitas sehingga Indonesia tidak akan kalah dalam persaingan dengan bangsa – bangsa lain. Terutama menghadapi era persaingan bebas dimana semua orang bebas mencari pekerjaan di negara manapun tanpa menghadapi perbatasan – perbatasan.

Saat ini, hampir setiap hari anak usia sekolah menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya di dalam kelas. Usia sekolah merupakan usia kritis pertumbuhan yang banyak dipengaruhi oleh postur tubuh siswa selama di sekolah. Posisi duduk dalam belajar merupakan salah satu faktor yang berhubungan erat dengan terjadinya nyeri daerah leher, punggung atas dan bawah, tangan, kaki, kelelahan pada mata, dan gangguan perkembangan tubuh.

Dewasa ini gangguan pada tulang belakang tidak hanya dialami oleh orang dewasa saja, namun juga dialami oleh siswa usia sekolah, yang sebagian besar diakibatkan karena ketidaksesuaian antara ukuran tubuh siswa dengan kursi meja sekolah yang digunakan. Gangguan-gangguan tubuh yang dialami oleh siswa secara langsung maupun tidak langsung akan mempengaruhi kenyamanan proses belajar mengajar.

Disain meja kursi sekolah yang baik dapat mempengaruhi sikap tubuh siswa, sehingga diharapkan dapat menunjang proses belajar mengajar siswa. Hasil penelitian ini akan menyediakan data mengenai ukuran tubuh siswa usia sekolah di Jakarta yang belum pernah ada dan mengevaluasi penggunaan meja kursi yang telah diujicobakan pada 5 SMPN di 5 wilayah DKI Jakarta.

Tujuan

Tujuan Umum
• Memberikan rekomendasi disain meja kursi untuk siswa SD dan SMP di DKI Jakarta
• Memberikan hasil evaluasi penggunaan meja kursi yang telah diujicobakan pada siswa SMP di DKI Jakarta

Tujuan Khusus
• Memperoleh data ukuran antropometri statis siswa SD dan SMP di DKI Jakarta.
• Memperoleh data dimensi meja kursi SD di DKI Jakarta.
• Memperoleh data dimensi meja kursi yang telah diujicobakan.
• Mengevaluasi tingkat keselamatan, kesehatan, kenyamanan dari bahan meja kursi yang telah diujicobakan.

Manfaat

• Dapat diperoleh desain meja kursi sekolah yang ergonomis pada sekolah dasar dan sekolah menengah pertama yang merupakan nilai tambah bagi sekolah-sekolah di DKI Jakarta
• Data antropometri siswa yang terkumpul dapat dijadikan sebagai data dasar antropometri orang Indonesia pada usia pendidikan dasar yang selanjutnya bisa dijadikan rujukan ukuran untuk menentukan pengadaan furniture dan tingkat gizi anak sekolah di DKI Jakarta
• Dapat diperoleh alternatif material pengganti kayu untuk meja kursi sekolah
• Dapat meningkatkan kenyamanan proses belajar dan mengajar pada siswa pendidikan dasar sampai menengah atas di DKI Jakarta
• Dapat meningkatkan kualitas mutu lulusan siswa pada siswa pendidikan dasar sampai menengah atas di DKI Jakarta
• DKI Jakarta sebagai pelopor dalam peningkatan kualitas proses belajar mengajar pada usia sekolah dasar sampai menengah atas di DKI Jakarta

Ruang Lingkup

Subjek penelitian:
• Siswa Sekolah Dasar Negeri (SDN) di DKI Jakarta.
• Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri (SMPN) yang dijadikan percontohan penggunaan meja kursi yang telah diujicobakan, yaitu ...
• Kursi dan meja sekolah yang dipakai oleh siswa di dalam ruang kelas
• Ukuran antropometri statis yang akan diambil dalam penelitian ini adalah:
1. Tinggi badan
2. Berat badan
3. Tinggi duduk
4. Tinggi bahu duduk
5. Tinggi siku duduk
6. Tinggi pinggang duduk
7. Tinggi lutut duduk
8. Panjang tungkai bawah
9. Panjang dari lutut ke pantat
10. Panjang dari belakang lutut ke pantat
11. Panjang siku
12. Lebar bahu
13. Lebar pinggul
14. Tebal paha

Tinjauan Teori



Definisi ergonomi

IEA (International Ergonomics Association) mendefinisikan ergonomi sebagai studi mengenai aspek anatomis, fisiologis, dan psikologis terhadap manusia dalam lingkungan kerjanya. Dan dititikberatkan pada efisiensi, kesehatan, keselamatan dan kenyamanan manusia pada waktu bekerja, dirumah, ataupun pada waktu istirahat. Secara umum merupakan sistem dimana ada interaksi antara manusia, mesin, dan lingkungan dengan menitikberatkan pada manusianya.



Definisi antropometri

Antropometri adalah cabang dari ergonomi yang berhubungan dengan pengukuran tubuh, baik dalam keadaan statis maupun dinamis. Data antropmetri statis adalah pengukuran tubuh manusia dalam keadaan diam dengan postur tubuh tertentu seperti dalam postur berdiri atau duduk. Sedangkan data antropometri dinamis adalah ukuran tubuh atau anggota gerak badan lainnya waktu bekerja/bergerak.



Ukuran – ukuran antropometri

Metodologi



Sampel penelitian
o Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive stratifikasi agar semua wilayah dapat diwakili secara proporsional.
o Tiap wilayah Jakarta (Jakarta Utara, Jakarta Selatan, Jakarta Timur, Jakarta Barat, dan Jakarta Pusat) akan diambil masing – masing 5 SDN dan 1 SMPN yang merupakan percontohan sehingga total jumlah sekolah yang akan dijadikan sampel 30 Sekolah Negeri.
o Antropometri dan penilaian keluhan pada tingkat Sekolah Dasar akan diambil 60 siswa pada masing – masing sekolah, dimana pada 10 orang perwakilan dari tiap tingkatan kelas, sehingga akan didapatkan 1500 data siswa.
o Antropometri dan penilaian keluhan pada tingkat Sekolah Menengah Pertama akan diambil 50 -70 siswa pada masing – masing sekolah, dimana pada 10 orang perwakilan dari tiap kelas, sehingga akan didapatkan 310 data siswa.



Pengumpulan data
Data primer:
 Pengukuran antropometri statis dengan parameter yang ada diruang lingkup studi
 Keluhan siswa selama proses belajar mengajar
 Karakteristik meja kursi sekolah: dimensi ukuran, bahan, jumlah, dan bentuk
Data sekunder:
 Jumlah siswa SD Negeri seluruh DKI Jakarta, kecuali Kepulauan Seribu dikelompokkan berdasarkan sekolah, tingkatan kelas, dan jenis kelamin.
 Jumlah SD Negeri seluruh DKI Jakarta
 Jumlah siswa SMP Negeri percontohan di DKI Jakarta yang menggunakan meja kursi ujicoba dikelompokkan berdasarkan sekolah, tingkatan kelas, dan jenis kelamin.
 Data proses pembuatan meja kursi yang telah diujicobakan

 Instrumen pengumpulan data:
o Intrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur antopometri adalah antropometer, meteran tukang kayu, penggaris siku – siku, dan sebagai alat bantu digunakan meja kursi kayu tanpa pelapis alas duduk dan sandaran punggung.
o Kuesioner untuk melihat keluhan siswa SD dan SMP

 Cara pengukuran sampel
o Pengukuran dilakukan di dalam ruang kelas.
o Untuk pengukuran antropometri, sampel yang terpilih diminta untuk duduk di meja kursi kayu dengan duduk tegak menempel pada tembok. Sebelum pengukuran dilakukan, sampel diminta untuk membuka alas kaki dan mengosongkan saku celananya.
o Pengukuran dilakukan oleh 2 orang, orang pertama yang melakukan pengukuran sedangkan orang kedua yang mencatat hasil pengukuran.
o Untuk pengukuran kualitas udara dan pencahayaan masing – masing akan dilakukan oleh 1 orang.

 Pengolahan data
Teknik pengolahan data yang digunakan adalah pengolahan data statistik dengan analisa kuantitatif berdasarkan data hasil pengukuran. Pengolahannya dilakukan dengan tahap editing, entri data, analisa, serta tabulasi data. Sedangkan proses pengolahannay dilakukan dengna cara manual dan elektronik dengan komputer menggunakan program Microsoft excel, dan SPSS versi 12

 Penyajian data
Data disajikan dalam bentuk tabel maupun tekstular sesuai dengan kebutuhan.
Hasil akhir dari penelitian ini akan didapatkan ukuran meja kursi sekolah yang ergonomis.

Rencana Kegiatan

Posture Analysis and Environment Evaluation of Two Automotive Assembly Plants in Indonesia

2009-09-17T14:01:00.000+09:00

By : Indri M-OHSE (corresponding author)*, Masaharu K

ABSTRACT: This research analyzes the working posture in two automotive industries in Indonesia and the influence of environment on the working posture. All environments at the extreme level will affect health, but work environments also affect performance. Assembly in the automotive industry still includes manual handling jobs that have full contact interaction between workers and assembly tools.
The objectives of this research were to collect information about the type of bad posture that usually emerges in assembly jobs, to gather workers complaints due to bad posture, to assess the environment conditions, especially noise, lighting, and climate, and to correlate the environment conditions to the working posture.
The research focused on light truck assembly (Type N), specifically Final Chassis Trimming. Working posture was measured using the Ovako Working Posture Analysis (OWAS) method. Noise, lighting, and temperature were measured by sound level meter, lux meter, and WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature).
Some action combinations had working postures that require corrective measures immediately (category 4) or as soon as possible (category 3). The environment factor related to working posture was temperature, and it is a strong negative relation, especially with action combination category 4. At company Y, lighting also had a strong positive relation with working posture of action combination categories 1 and 2. The workers complained of painful, stiffness, and cramps in their neck, shoulders, arms, elbow, wrist, fingers, lower back, waist, thigh, and leg.

Keyword: working posture, OWAS method, environmental factors, assembling work, manual material handling.

Cara Mudah Membuat Screen Shoot Halaman Web Secara Utuh

2009-09-07T23:05:00.000+09:00

Saya yakin, sebagian besar dari Anda menggunakan tombol Print Screen SysRq pada keyboard untuk mengambil screen shoot yang kemudian Anda copy ke image processing seperti Photoshop untuk diedit lebih lanjut atau disimpan. Mungkin memang inilah cara yang paling mudah untuk mengambil screen shoot, tapi cara ini juga memiliki kelemahan. Diantaranya, hampir selalu screen shoot yang kita ambil tidak bisa satu halaman penuh.

Jadi, untuk menampilkan screen shoot suatu halaman web secara utuh, kita harus mengambil screen shoot beberapa kali pada bagian yang berbeda. Seperti yang saya lakukan pada posting sebelumnya, saya harus mengambil screen shoot halaman FreewareFiles.com 2 kali, bagian atas dan bawah. Itupun masih belum bisa terambil secara utuh, terpotong di tengah.

Tapi tenang, saya punya solusi yang bagus untuk mengatasi hal ini. Cara mengambil screen shoot sebuah halaman web secara utuh, tanpa terpotong sedikitpun! Berikut contoh screen shoot yang saya ambil:

hanggaCaranya mudah. Langsung saja menuju http://www.superscreenshot.com/. Isikan url blog/web yang ingin Anda cuplik wajahnya, lalu klik Go. Tunggu beberapa saat, dan Anda akan disuguhkan tampilan secara utuh blog/web tersebut. Segera simpan gambar tersebut, dan gunakan!

sumber : hangganuarta

Source :

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Belajar Bahasa Jepang

2009-05-24T03:10:00.000+09:00

LAbel ini sengaja saya persiapkan untuk belajar mendalami bahasa Jepang yang saat ini sedang saya pelajari, mohon masukannya ya ....

THE AMAZING OF JAPANESE RAILWAY

2009-03-24T12:59:00.000+09:00

Indri
API Fellowship 2004

Abstract

Train is one of the main alternative public transportations because it will make people easy to travel from one place to another place. They tend to choose this transportation for it is safer, more relax, faster, and the price of the ticket is still affordable.

The rate of train accidents in Indonesian Railway is fairly high. In 1996 106 accidents happened, 196 cases in 1999, while in January – August 2001 there were 7 dreadful accidents, which took 109 people injured and 65 died. Indonesian train only connected between the cities in the Java Island.

For contrary in Japan, there were many line of train and already connected between Hokkaido Island, Honshu Island, Kyushu Island, and Shikoku Island. There were only 3 cases of accident since 1990. On 14 May 1991, there were collision on Shigaraki Kogen Railway 42 people died and more than 600 people were injured.

Another case on 8 March 2000, there were derailment and collision at Naka Meguro on Hibiya Subway Line, Tokyo.That accident caused 5 passengers died and 63 others injured. The last accident was happenned on Joetsu Shinkansen Line when 8 of its cars went off the tracks because of earthquakes. It was the first bullet train to derail in the Shinkansen’s 40 years history since its operations. There were no one injured.

Japan National Railway had restructuring on 1987. Japan National Railway had privatisation and divided into 6 Japan Railways (JRs). There are JR East, JR Central, JR West, JR Hokkaido, JR Shikoku, and JR Kyushu. Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI) establish in December 1986 and integrated between the existing RTRI with the Railway Labor Science Institute of Japan National Railway upon its privatisation and division in April 1987 to promote widely ranged research and development activities in railway technologies, from basic research to application.

85% accidents in Indonesian Railway were caused by human error. Human error can occur when the train driver is doing his job. One of the causes is the ergonomic factor. This factors to be main topics in Railway Labor Science Institute on 1970 – 1980. It’s means Indonesian Railway was late 25 years from Japanese Railway.

Human Science Division in RTRI divided into 3 laboratories; Ergonomics laboratory, Psychology and Physiology Laboratory, and Safety Analysis Laboratory.

Now, the main topic in Ergonomic laboratory is how to develop the facilities for disability person and elderly people, in the Psychology and Physiology Laboratory are endurance of work for driver related safety for analysize tolerance of fatigue and how to issued driver licence test related with special attitude test, IQ test, and psychological test.
MOHSE archives

PENERAPAN HSE PADA INDUSTRI BESI BAJA

2009-03-17T14:39:00.000+09:00

by : Indri MOHSE

A. INDUSTRI BAJA adalah merupakan salah satu Industri Strategis yang dimiliki oleh suatu negara, karena melalui Industri Baja dapat dipenuhi kebutuhan-kebutuhan penting dalam pembangunan, baik sarana fisik maupun kebutuhan pembangunan (Industri perdagangan, transportasi dll) dan dalam bidang kemiliteran.

Pada umumya proses-proses dalam Industri Baja adalah sebagai berikut :

1. Iron Making (Proses bahan baku proses hulu)
2. Steel Making (Proses pembuatan baja untuk long product dan plat product)
3. Steel Rolling (Proses pembuatan baja proses hilir untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan pasar)

Salah satu industri baja yang terbesar di Indonesia adalah PT. Krakatau Steel, merupakan Industri Baja terpadu yang cukup besar dan telah melakukan proses pembuatan baja dengan menggunakan tekhnologi yang cukup canggih.

Dilihat dari kebutuhan baja setiap Negara dapt ditentukan oleh kebutuhan baja perkapita dari penduduk suatu Negara, sehingga sangat ditentukan oleh tingkat kemajuan suatu Negara.

B. SYSTEM PENGOLAHAN K3LH DALAM STEEL INDUSTRI

Secara umum aktifitas K3LH pada Industri Baja harus dilihat dari aktivitas identifikasi pada step-step proses dalam setiap pabrik. Mulai dari proses Iron Making, Steel Making maupun Steel Rolling, sebagai berikut :

1. Proses Identifikasi K3LH :

Proses ini merupakan proses untuk pengenalan melalui identifikasi semua jenis dan sifat-sifat faktor bahaya yang mungkin timbul dari setiap jenis kegiatan pabrik tersebut.

Adapun aktifitas yang perlu dilakukan adalah sebagai berikut :

a. Pemeriksaan design pabrik.
b. Inspeksi lapangan secara fisik.
c. Studi lapangan pada saat operasi.
d. Aktifitas yang berhubungan dengan raw material maupun material pembantu dilakukan dengan mengacu pada MSDS

Pada langkah identifikasi akan ditemukan banyak masalah K3LH yang perlu ditanggulangi dengan cara menentukan ” Aspect yang significance secara berurutan untuk menentukan skala prioritas penanggulangan”.

2. Proses Analysis Masalah K3LH

Proses ini merupakan lanjutan dari aktivitas identifikasi dengan cara sebagai berikut :
a. Bisa dilakukan pengujian laboratorium
b. Pengamatan dan pengukuran di lapangan

Dari kedua aktivitas identifikasi dan analysa masalah tersebut akan dapat dibuat maping (peta), sehingga dapat dilakukan pemetaan tingkat kerawanan dalam bidang K3LH pada pabrik tersebut yang terdiri dari :
1. Peta Lokasi Rawan
 Rawan Kebakaran
 Rawan Kecelakaan
 Rawan Penyakit akibat kerja
 Rawan Pencemaran Lingkungan
2. Peta Jenis Faktor Bahaya
3. Peta Derajat Bahaya

3. Proses Pengendalian Bahaya K3LH

Dari aktivitas 1 dan 2 di atas akan dilakukan pengendalian atau koreksi faktor bahaya dan ditentukan cara penanggulangannya sebagai berikut :

a. Dari segi pengendalian secara Administrative melalui :
1. Peraturan K3LH dari Pemerintah.
2. Peraturan K3LH Internal Pabrik.
3. Melalui Peraturan Kontrol Operasi.
Misalnya : SOP, Sertifikasi alat, Sertifikasi keahlian
4. Melalui Kebijakan-kebijakan Internal yang tentunya tidak bertentangan dengan aturan Pemerintah

4. Proses Monitoring Bahaya K3LH

Pada proses ini akan dilakukan aktivitas pengawasan berkala dan berkelanjutan yang terdiri dari :
a. Inspeksi Lapangan (penamatan dan pengukuran)
b. Studi Pencatatan dan Lapangan
c. Pengujian Kesetaraan Berkala
d. Pemantauan dan Pengendalian Lingkungan
e. Training Karyawan.

C. PROSES PENANGANAN K3LH DI TEMPAT KERJA

I. Perangkat-perangkat aktivitas yang dibutuhkan sebagai berikut :

a. Adanya Kebijakan B.O.D.
b. Adanya Tinjauan awal masalah HSE / K3LH
c. Mengembangkan System Organisasi dalam hal :
1. Adanya Police HSE / K3LH
2. Adanya Program HSE / K3LH
3. Strategi Plan HSE / K3LH

II. Dalam Operasional Industri Baja dimana mulai dari penanganan Raw Material sampai pada step-step operasi. Iron Making, Steel Making, Steel Rolling, masalah HSE sangat memerlukan perhatian serius, karena potensi bahaya.

Tempat tinggi terutama dalam hal :
a. Bahaya Kecelakaan
b. Bahaya Kebakaran
c. Bahaya Penyakit akibat Kerja
d. Bahaya Pencemaran Lingkungan

III. a. Operasional Industri Baja adalah proses panas, terutama pada proses pembuatan baja dengan temperature ± 1650 oC. Dan pada proses pengerolan baja dilakukan reheating dengan temperature ± 1100 oC sangat berpotensi tinggi untuk menimbulkan masalah HSE.
b. Aktivitas alat angkat dan angkut dengan beban berat, baik berupa baja cair maupun beban material padat sangat berpotensi menimbulkan masalah HSE sehingga memerlukan perhatian dalam hal :

1. Skill dalam bidang operasional bagi manusianya maupun keselamatan beban.
2. Jaminan keamanan dan safety dari peralatan yang memerlukan pemeriksaan rutin, baik pemeriksaan internal maupun certifikasi oleh badan-badan yang berwenang dari pemerintah.

c. Penggunaan material pembantu, misalnya alat-alat kimia yang bermacam-macam dengan karakterstik bahaya tinggi dengan volume yang cukup besar sehingga perlu ditunjang dengan pengetahuan MSDS oleh para pekerja.
d. Ditinjau dari segi kesehatan kerja, potensi penyakit akibat kerja cukup tinggi terutama dalam hal :

1. Tekanan panas
2. Pngaruh Debu dalam ruang kerja
3. Beban Kerja
4. Penggunaan Bahan Radioaktif
5. Pengaruh Gas-gas Proses
6. Kebisingan

e. Ditinjau dari pencemaran lingkungan, berpotensi cukup tinggi dan perlu dilengkapi peralatan pencegah pencemaran lingkungan, misalnya :

1. Polusi Air (WTP dan WWTP)
2. Polusi Debu / Gas (Bag Filter, Scrubber, Electric, Precipitator, dll)
3. Kebisingan (Silincer, Pengaturan jarak kerja karyawan terhadap sumber kebisingan)
4. Potensi Limbah Padat dengan karakteristik bermacam-macam

D. PENGEMBANGAN RENCANA STRATEGIS UNTUK PELAKSANAAN HSE PADA INDUSTRI BAJA

Adapun rencana strategis yang diperlukan dalam pelaksanaan HSE pada Industri Baja, sangat memegang peranan penting, sehingga penanggulangan masalah HSE dapat dilakukan dengan terarah, misalnya :

1. Perlu disepakati tujuan utama dan tujuan khusus masalah HSE
2. Perlu adanya strategi untuk mencapai tujuan utama dan tujuan khusus
3. Target yang jelas
4. Perlu ditentukan aktivitas untuk mencapai target
5. Pembagan tugas dan dan tanggungjawab yang jelas antar departement dalam perusahaan tersebut.
6. Adanya aktivitas evaluasi dari operasional rencana strategis tersebut.

E. KESIMPULAN

Dalam menerapkan masalah HSE pada Industri Baja diperlukan aktivitas sebagai berikut :

1. Perlu adanya kebijakan dalam bidang HSE
2. Perlu melakukan identifikasi bahaya dan analysa bahaya.
3. Perlu penerapan SOP secara disiplin.
4. Certifikasi keahlian karyawan dalam masing bidang keahlian dan sertifikasi peralatan-peralatan berbahaya.
5. Perlu penerapan system izin kerja.
6. Danger Taq dan Out Off Servicenya.
7. Pemeriksaan berkala
8. Pemeriksaan kondisi kerja di Pabrik.
9. Pengetahuan MSDS
10. Peningkatan kesadaran karyawan akan keselamatan dirinya, teman sekerja dan peralatan pabrik.

MOHSE archives

RISK ANALYSIS OF ERGONOMICS FACTORS ON TRAIN ENGINEER WORKSTATION OF INDONESIAN TRAIN

2009-03-16T18:01:00.000+09:00

by : Indri MOHSE

I. BACKGROUND

Train is one of the main alternative public transportations in Indonesia that will ease people to travel from one place to another in Java. They tend to choose this transportation for it is safer, more relax, faster, and the price of the ticket is still affordable.
Various services and new products provided by PT Kereta Api Indonesia (PT KAI) nowadays have increased a positive image amongst the people, which is necessary to be maintained and improved. One way to implement this purpose is to give more attention to a safe journey. Commuters’ safety and comfort should be put on the top priority.

Similar with other transportation traffics, accidents sometimes occur as well on the railway. However, the number of train accidents is lesser although the amount of the victims is greater. Furthermore, the damage caused by a train accident costs a lot more expensive than accident happens on the street, for instance. Besides that, one train accident usually causes a delay of the train schedule. This condition is of course disadvantages to its commuters. These reasons could be the answers why train accidents always get a national attention and apprehension.
The rate of train accidents in Indonesia is fairly high. In 1996 106 accidents happened, 196 cases in 1999 (Suara Merdeka Daily, December 27 2001), while in January – August 2001 there were 7 dreadful accidents, which took 109 people injured and 65 died (Kompas, September 3, 2001). 85% accidents were caused by human error. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze further about the main cause of human error, particularly that usually happens to train engineer.
Human error can occur when the train engineer is doing his job. One of the causes is the ergonomic factor. More ergonomics the room of the operator works will reduce the rate of accident during the work.
The research will take Japan as the bench marking. This country is chosen for its excellent railway system. In addition, the measure of citizen anthropometrics in Japan is similar with Indonesia.

II. SET OF PROBLEMS
To maintain the positive image as a chosen public transportation, PT KAI should enhance its services, precise the train schedule, and guarantee a safe and comfortable condition for the commuters.
It is important for PT KAI to give serious attention on ergonomics aspect, mainly on train engineer workstation, in order to enhance their services. This is because the condition of the train during the way is under the responsibility of the train engineers. Therefore, a comfortable and safe work environment is very significant for these workers.

III. OBJECTIVES
General Objectives:
 Getting ergonomics risk level on train engineer workstation.
 Getting an ergonomics design for train engineer workstation in Indonesia

Specific Objectives:
 Recognizing the measure of ergonomics seats for the train engineers
 Recognizing the static anthropometrics measure of seats for the train engineers
 Recognizing the train engineers’ posture during working
 Recognizing the symptoms and signs of the train engineers during working
 Recognizing ergonomics control design and display in the train engineer workstation
 Recognizing temperature level, illumination, noise, and vibration in the train engineer workstation.
 Recognizing the design of the train engineer workstation in Japanese trains
 Recognizing ineffective matters on the design of the train engineer workstation in Japan

IV. BENEFITS
 As an input for PT KAI in order to improve ergonomics workstation on the train engineer’s cabin.
 As a contribution for Indonesian government to give serious attention on public transportation, particularly train. This contribution in the end is supposed to encourage the government to establish regulations or policies.
 To realize further cooperation with Japanese train in order to enhance PT KAI service quality.
 The research can be contributed to Japanese Train Corporation to augment the ergonomics system on the train engineer’s cabin workstation.
 Japan is possible to be referred country in Asia.

V. STUDY LITERATURES
Definition of Ergonomics
International Ergonomics Association (IEA) to define ergonomics is “the study of anatomical, physiological, and psycological aspect of human in working environment. It is concerned with the efficiency, health, safety, and comfort of the people at work at home and at play”.
This generally requires the study of systems in which humans, machines and environment interact, with the aim of fitting to the humans. (Oborne, 1995)

Ergonomics, Work, and Health
 The worker may be exposed to some injurous agent used in the working process or arising because of it, e.g. toxic chemical, dust, micro-organisms, allergens, ionizing, radiation, etc.
 The work may be performed under adverse environmental conditions, e.g. heat, cold, noise, etc.
 The work may involve overexertion or cumulative overuse of musculoskeletal or other bodily structure.
 The work may bepsychologically stressful because it is mentally or emotionally demanding, boring, frustrating or socially alienating, leading to mental and “psychosomatic” ill-health, alcoholism, suicide, etc.
 The work (or the circumstances under which it is performed) may entail a high risk of accidental injury (e.g. mining, construction work, offshore operations) or physical violence (e.g. police work)
 The work may promote an unhealthy lifestyle (e.g. obesity in sedentary workers, alcohol-related diseases in publicans, musicians, etc.) (Pheasant, 1991).

Anthropometry
Anthropometry in general may be simply defined as the measuring of human beings. Anthropometry as a basic human science contributing to ergonomics, which in turn contributes data, concepts, and methodologies to the design process.
It is conventional to distinguish between’static’ and ‘dynamics’ anthropometric data. Static anthropometric data concern the fixed structural dimensions of the body, generally made between spesified anatomical landmark in stereotyped postures. Dynamics anthropometric data include measurements of reach or clearance made under ‘functional’ conditions, e.g., allowing the subjects a certain degree of freedom to adopt ‘natural’ postures for the perfoemnace of a given task. (Pheasent, 1986).

Human-Integrated Design and Manufacturing
The primary objective of ergonomics is designing objects, equipment, and machinery for effective use by human beings. Design for human use requires a central and consistent strategy to be applied to all stages of design. Human-intergrated-design (HID) refers to systems designed with human capabilities and limitations in mind so that the resultant design can be used effectively by people. In manufacturing concern the concept can be symbolized by HIM (Human-integrated-manufacturing). One of the principal concerns in design for manufacturability is whether or not human operators can work effectively with the design (Pulat, 1992)

Environmental
The human-machine system function in an environment composed of the other people, machines, equipment, and other energy sources. Furthermore, the person brings personal experiences and other background to the system, as do other elements. All these establish a context for the system to function within. Hence the behavior of a human-machine system must not be evaluated against present time event only. The history of the system may significantly affect the way the system operates.
The two major components of the work environment that affect the behavior of a human-machine system are the physical environment and the social environment. Elements of the social environment include isolation, task pressure, group dynamics, and the like. Although human performnace has been studied and reported under a variety of environmental factors, the ones that most concern an industrial ergonomist are the physical factors that exist in industrial environmentas, such as illumination, noise, vibration, and ambient temperature (heat and cold). (Pulat, 1992)

VI. SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of work of this research will emphasize in observing the ergonomics risks in the train engineer workstation by considering 3 aspects in ergonomics:
1. The worker
• Duration of work
• Measure of static anthropometrics
• Working postures
• Repetitive motion
• Symptoms and signs
2. Tools/Machines
• Lay out
• Seat design
• Position, shape, and colors of control and display
3. Environment
• Temperature
• Illumination
• Noise
• Vibration
To analyze the effectiveness of the train engineer workstation design on Japanese train so that in the future it can be referred to solve problems of the train engineer workstation on Indonesian train.
Scheme of work can bee seen at the diagram on the next page.

VII. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Sample
Trains that will be taken as samples are all classes inter province trains altogether with the train engineers.

Tools
Camera, anthropometer, carpenter meter, arc, check list, luxmeter, WBGT, sound level meter, vibration meter, questioner.

Method
1. Worksite Analysis
Worksite analysis will be carried out by performing direct survey based on walk through checklist. Train engineers will be given questioners to recognize symptoms or signs they suffer during working.
2. Measurement
Measurement will be accomplished by measuring noise, vibration, temperature, illumination, seat design, position, shape, and colors of control and display in the train engineer cabin. Static anthropometrics measurement, working postures, and repetitive motion will also be measured to the train engineers.
3. Collecting Secondary Data
Secondary data that will be collected are medical records, outputs of the previous measurement, and other supported data.

Analysis
Collected data will be processed and analyzed based on the quantity and quality. The analysis will be the groundwork of the risks assessment toward risks ergonomics factor. The risk assessment is in the form of classification of risk ergonomics factor, which is specified into three levels: low, middle, and high.

VIII. ANTICIPATED OF THE OUTPUT
Should the result of the risk ergonomics factors on the train engineer workstation in Indonesia shows high risk level, the problem solving taken will adopt effective matters on the train engineer workstation design of the Japanese train. It might appear that the high-risk level of the effective matters does not similar with the condition on the train engineer workstation of Indonesian train. Therefore, the anticipated actions taken are by reducing the high-risk matters based on the author’s recommendation work together with experts team from Japanese Train and still ponder on the train engineer workstation design of the Japanese train and the analysis obtained.

IX. PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTING THE RESULT
 The result obtained will be submitted to PT KAI as groundwork to redesign the train engineer workstation to be more ergonomics so that human error caused by train engineer’s mistakes can be reduced.
 Should PT KAI have a financial difficulty to redesign the train engineer workstation, the result of the research can be used to look for investors or foreign capital to improve PT KAI management.
 To implement the result of the research, PT KAI is expected to cooperate with Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia AND Japanese Train as their OHS consultant.
 The result obtained will also be submitted to related institution (Department of Communications) in order to encourage the government to establish policies toward Indonesian railway management, particularly about the standard design of the train engineer workstation.
 The result of the research can be a consideration for the government to permit the opening of private train industry in Indonesia.
 It will also encourage the opening of specific program such as public transportation and railway in Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health University of Indonesia.

X. PARTICIPATING COUNTRY
Contact Person:
Professor Masaharu Kumashiro

Institutional Contact:
Department of ergonomics
Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences
University of Occupational and Environmental Health

MOHSE archives

Indonesia Demographic Dividend and Ageing

2005-11-08T13:41:00.000+09:00

Post by : Indri M-OHSE

M-OHSE archives

2003-11-08T13:15:00.000+09:00

By : Indri M-OHSE

momonsohse archives